Table 1. List of traits modified in the “domestication syndrome” in mammals^*.

Trait	Animal species	Location/source	References
Depigmentation (especially white patches, brown regions)	Mouse, rat, guinea pig, rabbit, dog, cat, fox, mink, ferret, pig, reindeer, sheep, goat, cattle, horse, camel, alpaca, and guanaco	Cranial and trunk	a
Floppy ears	Rabbit, dog, fox, pig, sheep, goat, cattle, and donkey	Cranial	b
Reduced ears	Rat, dog, cat, ferret, camel, alpaca, and guanaco	Cranial	c
Shorter muzzles	Mouse, dog, cat, fox, pig, sheep, goat, and cattle	Cranial	d
Smaller teeth	Mouse, dog, and pig	Cranial	e
Docility	All domesticated species	Cranial	f
Smaller brain or cranial capacity	Rat, guinea pig, gerbil, rabbit, pig, sheep, goat, cattle, yak, llama, camel, horse, donkey, ferret, cat, dog, and mink	Cranial	g
Reproductive cycles (more frequent estrous cycles)	Mouse, rat, gerbil, dog, cat, fox, goat, and guanaco	Cranial and trunk (HPG axis)	h
Neotenous (juvenile) behavior	Mouse, dog, fox, and bonobo	Cranial	i
Curly tails	Dog, fox, and pig	Trunk	j

^*Relative to those in the corresponding presumed wild ancestors.

^aDarwin 1868; Belyaev and Trut 1989; Gariépy et al. 2001; Trut et al. 2009.

^bDarwin 1868; Belyaev and Trut 1989.

^cHemmer 1990; Arbuckle 2005.

^dDarwin 1868; Zeuner 1963; Clutton-Brock 1999.

^eDarwin 1868; Clutton-Brock 1999.

^fDarwin 1868; Belyaev 1969.

^gKruska 1988a; Hemmer 1990; Kruska 2005.

^hDarwin 1868; Kruska 1988a; Arbuckle 2005; Kruska 2005; Trut et al. 2009.

ⁱPrice 1999; Trut 1999; Gariépy et al. 2001; Hare et al. 2012.

^jDarwin 1868; Trut et al. 2009.