Table 2. Neural crest cell genes: Dosage effects and genetic interaction characteristics.

Gene	Biochemical-molecular function	Organisms studied	Haploinsufficient effects	Genetic interactions w/ other NCC genes	Some references
Sox 10	Transcription factor	Zebrafish, mouse, and human	+	+	Dutton et al. (2001); Stanchina et al. (2006)
Sox 9	Transcription factor	Zebrafish, mouse, and human	+	+	Liu et al. (2013); Sahar et al. (2005)
Mitf	Transcription factor	Mouse, horse, and human	+	+	Hauswirth et al. (2012); Reissman and Ludwig (2013); Tachibana (2000)
Tcof1	Nucleophosphoprotein	Human and mouse	+	+	Barlow et al. (2013); Shows and Shiang (2008)
FoxD3	Transcription factor	Mouse and quail	ND	+	Thomas and Erickson (2009)
Pax3	Transcription factor	Human, mouse, and horse	+	+	Epstein et al. (1993); Hauswirth et al. (2012); Moase and Trasler (1989)
Sox2	HMG-transcription factor	Human and mouse	+	+	(Adameyko et al. 2012; Langer et al. 2013)
Chd7	ATP-requiring chromatin remodeller protein	Human and mouse	+	+	Baipai et al. (2010)
Kit	Receptor protein tyrosine kinase	Human, mouse, horse, and dog	+	+	Fleischmann et al. (1991); Haase et al. (2009); Reissman and Ludwig (2013)
Magoh	Exon junction complex component	Human and mouse	+	+	Silver et al. (2013)
WSTF	Transcription factor	Human and mouse	+	ND	Barnett et al. (2012)
Fgf8	Growth factor/signal transduction ligand	Human and mouse	+	ND	Frank et al. (2002)
piebald (s)	Endothelin-3 (ET-3)	Human and mouse	+	+	Robertson and Mason (1997); Stanchina et al. (2006)
piebald (l)	Endothelin-receptor B (ENDR-B)	Human and mouse	+	+	Pavan et al. (1995); Robertson and Mason (1997); Stanchina et al. (2006)
Ret	Receptor tyrosine kinase	Human, mouse, and rat	+	+	Borrego et al. (2013)
GDNF	Glial-derived neurotrophic factor	Zebrafish, mouse, and rat	+	ND	Flynn et al. (2007)

NCC, neural crest cell; ND, not determined.