Table 1.

Content of the intervention program

Components	Proposed training
Hope	Goal setting (i.e. 1. Choosing of a personal goal; 2. Creating sub-goals; 3. Pathways generation; 4. Obstacle planning)
Efficacy	Expressive writing (i.e. adapted from existing guideline, basically requires individuals to write about their personal feelings on their own work; past mastery experiences on work-related issues; vicarious learning experiences; as well as the verbal persuasion experiences)
Optimism	Learned optimism (i.e. ABCDE model: 1) A stands for adversity; 2) B for the beliefs one automatically has when it occurs; 3) C for the usual consequences of the belief; 4) D for the disputation of individuals’ routine belief; 5) E for the energization that occurs when individuals dispute the belief)
Resilience	Risk management & Resource leverage practice (i.e. evaluating the risk for an adversity; practicing using different perspective to view it; planning strategies to control it; figuring out resources available and methods of getting more helpful resources; utilizing the resources to deal with the adversity)