. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Jul 15.

Published in final edited form as: Am J Kidney Dis. 2011 Jun 25;58(2):302–309. doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2011.02.395

Table 3. Clinical Features of Volume Depletion and Hypertonicity.

	Volume Depletion	Hypertonicity

History (34, 48)
Altered Mentation	+	+++
Orthostasis	++	0
Thirst	+	+++

Physical Examination (48, 57-61)
Orthostatic/Supine Tachycardia	++	0
Diminished skin turgor	++	+
Dry mucous membranes or axillae	+	+++
Longitudinal tongue furrows	+	+++
Oliguria	++	+++

Laboratory Studies (6, 48, 62)
Hypernatremia & Plasma Hypertonicity	0	+++
Elevated BUN	+++	+
Elevated serum creatinine	++	0
Elevated urine osmolality	++	+++
Diminished urine Na⁺	+++	0
Hemoconcentration	+	0

Treatment (6, 48)
Fluid Type	Isotonic Saline	Free Water
Rate of Administration	Fast	Slow