Table 4.
Odds ratios and 95% Confidence Intervals for the Association between Cigarette Smoking and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM); Pooled Hispanic Datasets, Massachusetts 2006–2011.
| GDM Cases
|
Unadjusted
|
Age-Adjusted
|
Multivariable Modela
|
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % | OR | (95% CI) | OR | (95% CI) | OR | (95% CI) | ||
| Pooled Datasets (n=3,029) | |||||||||
| Pre-Pregnancy | |||||||||
| Non-smoker | 120 | 4.0% | 1.0 | Referent | 1.0 | Referent | 1.0 | Referent | |
| Smoker | 22 | 0.7% | 0.70 | (0.44, 1.11) | 0.81 | 0.51, 1.30 | 0.77 | (0.47, 1.25) | |
| 1 to 10 cigarettes/day | 15 | 0.5% | 0.67 | (0.39, 1.16) | 0.85 | (0.49, 1.48) | 0.78 | (0.44, 1.37) | |
| >10 cigarettes/day | 7 | 0.2% | 0.76 | (0.35, 1.65) | 0.73 | (0.33, 1.61) | 0.75 | (0.34, 1.67) | |
| Ptrend | 0.18 | 0.36 | 0.32 | ||||||
| Pregnancy | |||||||||
| Non-smoker | 119 | 3.9% | 1.0 | Referent | 1.0 | Referent | 1.0 | Referent | |
| Former smoker | 14 | 0.5% | 0.92 | (0.52, 1.62) | 1.16 | (0.65, 2.06) | 1.03 | (0.57, 1.87) | |
| Smoker | 8 | 0.3% | 0.46 | (0.22, 0.95) | 0.48 | (0.23, 1.00) | 0.47 | (0.23, 1.00) | |
| 1 to 10 cigarettes/day | 7 | 0.2% | 0.44 | (0.20, 0.95) | 0.47 | (0.22, 1.02) | 0.45 | (0.21, 1.00) | |
| >10 cigarettes/day | 1 | 0.0% | 0.75 | (0.10, 5.59) | 0.62 | (0.08, 4.76) | 0.71 | (0.09, 5.43) | |
| Ptrend | 0.05 | 0.11 | 0.09 | ||||||
| UMMHC Dataset (n=1,844) | |||||||||
| Pre-Pregnancy | |||||||||
| Non-smoker | 80 | 4.3% | 1.0 | Referent | 1.0 | Referent | 1.0 | Referent | |
| Smoker | 8 | 0.4% | 0.64 | (0.31, 1.30) | 0.7 | (0.33, 1.49) | 0.75 | (0.35, 1.59) | |
| 1 to 10 cigarettes/day | 6 | 0.3% | 0.77 | (0.33, 1.70) | 0.94 | (0.40, 2.21) | 0.97 | (0.41, 2.29) | |
| >10 cigarettes/day | 2 | 0.1% | 0.43 | (0.10, 1.70) | 0.40 | (0.10, 1.68) | 0.45 | (0.11, 1.87) | |
| Ptrend | 0.19 | 0.24 | 0.32 | ||||||
| Pregnancy | |||||||||
| Non-smoker | 80 | 4.3% | 1.0 | Referent | 1.0 | Referent | 1.0 | Referent | |
| Former smoker | 6 | 0.3% | 1.27 | (0.54, 2.99) | 1.46 | (0.61, 3.50) | 1.49 | (0.62, 3.59) | |
| Smoker | 2 | 0.1% | 0.25 | (0.06, 1.01) | 0.25 | (0.06, 1.03) | 0.27 | (0.07, 1.13) | |
| 1 to 10 cigarettes/day | 1 | 0.1% | 0.14 | (0.02, 1.02) | 0.14 | (0.02, 1.05) | 0.15 | (0.02, 1.13) | |
| >10 cigarettes/day | 1 | 0.1% | 1.04 | (0.14, 7.85) | 0.98 | (0.13, 7.64) | 1.11 | (0.14, 8.69) | |
| Ptrend | 0.11 | 0.13 | 0.18 | ||||||
| PBS Dataset (n=1,185) | |||||||||
| Pre-Pregnancy | |||||||||
| Non-smoker | 40 | 3.4% | 1.0 | Referent | 1.0 | Referent | 1.0 | Referent | |
| Smoker | 14 | 1.2% | 0.74 | (0.40, 1.38) | 0.75 | (0.40, 1.41) | 0.78 | (0.41, 1.48) | |
| 1 to 10 cigarettes/day | 9 | 0.8% | 0.63 | (0.30, 1.31) | 0.68 | (0.32, 1.43) | 0.69 | (0.33, 1.47) | |
| >10 cigarettes/day | 5 | 0.4% | 1.10 | (0.42, 2.86) | 0.94 | (0.35, 2.50) | 1.04 | (0.39, 2.78) | |
| Ptrend | 0.59 | 0.53 | 0.66 | ||||||
| Pregnancy | |||||||||
| Non-smoker | 39 | 3.3% | 1.0 | Referent | 1.0 | Referent | 1.0 | Referent | |
| Former smoker | 8 | 0.7% | 0.77 | (0.52, 1.62) | 0.84 | (0.38, 1.86) | 0.86 | (0.39, 1.90) | |
| Smokerb | 6 | 0.5% | 0.65 | (0.22, 0.95) | 0.59 | (0.24, 1.43) | 0.61 | (0.25, 1.50) | |
Abbreviations: PBS (Proyecto Buena Salud), UMMHC (UMass Memorial Health Care)
a
Adjusted for age (continuous), parity, study site (for pooled dataset only).
b
Small numbers of pregnancy smokers in this dataset precluded evaluation according to number of cigarettes/day.