Table 3.

Effects of chemical endocrine disruptors on puberty timing.

Agent	Year	Subjects	Effect on puberty
Phthalates	2009 [73]	89 girls, Taiwan	Higher phthalate metabolite levels were seen in girls with premature thelarche
Phthalates	2000 [74]	76 girls, Puerto Rico	Premature thelarche was associated with higher phthalate levels
Phthalates	2007 [95]	210 girls, Shanghai	Higher phthalate levels are in girls with CPP
Phthalates	2010 [71]	61 pubertal boys, Turkey	Higher phthalate metabolite levels associated with pubertal gynecomastia in boys
Phthalates	2012 [68]	750 girls, 25 with precocious puberty, Denmark	No association of phthalate levels and precocious puberty
Phthalates	2010 [75]	56 girls, USA	No association with phthalate levels and CPP
Phthalates	2011 [74]	300 women, New York	Association between hair oil use and perms with earlier menarche
Bisphenol-A	2010 [79]	1151 girls, New York, Ohio, California	No effect of BPA on breast development
Bisphenol-A	2010 [80]	210 girls, Shanghai	Higher BPA levels in girls with CPP
DDE	2004 [85]	151 girls, Michigan	Increase in serum DDE of 15 mcg/l associated with decreased age at menarche by 1 year
DDE	2012 [37]	78 patients, China	Higher DDE levels slightly associated with CPP
DDT	2005 [83]	446 women, China	Higher DDT serum levels associated with earlier menarche
DDE	2001 [84]	145 children, Belgium	CPP patients who had immigrated to Belgium had higher DDE levels
DDE	2008 [59]	192 girls, New York	No association of DDE urine levels and breast advancement
DDE	2005 [86]	138 girls, New York, Canada	No association of DDE with menarche timing
DDE	2012 [96]	94 girls, Italy	No association of DDE with precocious puberty