Table 3.

Seemingly Unrelated Regression of Homicide and Violent Index Gaps on Gaps in Structural Disadvantage (Poverty, Unemployment, and Female Headship) and Other Structural Characteristics (N=232)

	(A) Homicide						(B) Violent Index
	B-W Gap		B-H Gap		H-W Gap		B-W Gap		B-H Gap		H-W Gap
	b	B	b	B	b	B	b	B	b	B	b	B
Structural Disadvantage:
Poverty	.367* (.156)	.111	.294† (.153)	.211	.335** (.112)	.088	6.547 (4.132)	.072	5.36 (4.126)	.136	3.987 (3.057)	.041
Unemployment	−.230 (.216)	−.049	−.237 (.207)	−.095	−.197 (.167)	−.043	8.395 (5.652)	.065	8.452 (5.566)	.119	6.783 (4.484)	.057
Female Headship	.090 (.136)	.034	.100 (.129)	.074	.137 (.107)	.049	8.394* (3.537)	.117	8.853* (3.449)	.231	5.871* (2.847)	.082
Controls:
Residential Instability	−.076 (.094)	−.030	−.095 (.095)	−.088	−.121 (.069)	−.049	−7.470** (2.492)	−.107	−7.049** (2.564)	−.230	−7.494*** (1.875)	−.117
Young-male pop.	.342 (.296)	.044	.378 (.325)	.100	.468* (.230)	.057	−1.605 (7.960)	−.008	.539 (8.792)	.005	1.574 (6.336)	.007
Pop. density (ln)a	−1.543 (1.931)	−.051	−1.591 (1.928)	−.139	−.076 (.774)	−.003	34.094 (51.828)	.041	10.447 (49.640)	.032	20.135 (21.715)	.026
Entropya	−1.740 (9.087)	−.012	−5.035 (9.250)	−.090	3.234 (3.719)	.022	−274.236 (244.014)	−.068	−279.001 (238.319)	−.176	−13.053 (104.242)	−.003
Police per capitaa	8.786*** (1.714)	.333	9.861*** (1.690)	.990	−1.189 (.794)	−.046	56.596 (46.004)	.079	138.499** (43.593)	.491	−59.383** (22.100)	−.089
Constant	10.801 (15.779)		12.337 (15.607)		−.398 (6.478)		660.523 (423.448)		628.191 (401.831)		78.791 (181.383)
R2		.155		.114		.075		.146		.114		.079
Breusch-Pagan	X2 = 186.402, p<.001						X2 = 193.001, p<.001

Note: Standard errors in parentheses

^aNot a race-specific measure (no gaps calculated)

^†p<.10,

^*p<.05,

^**p<.01,

^***p<.001 (two-tailed)