Table 1.

Preclinical studies using mesenchymal stem cells for the treatment of chronic kidney disease

Disease	Source	Dose	Route	Mechanism of action	Side effects	Reference
Diabetic nephropathy	Mice bone marrow	0.5 × 106	Intravenous	Engraftment/direct effect	None	[11]
Diabetic nephropathy	Human bone marrow	2 × 106	Intracardiac	Engraftment/direct effect	None	[12]
Partial nephrectomy	Rat bone marrow	1 × 106	Intravenous	Paracrine effect	None	[13]
Chronic allograft nephropathy	Rat bone marrow	0.5 × 106	Intravenous	Immunomodulatory effect	None	[14]
Renal revascularization	Allogeneic swine adipose tissue	10 × 106	Intrarenal	Engraftment/direct effect/paracrine	None	[16,17]
Renal artery stenosis	Autologous swine adipose tissue	10 × 106	Intrarenal	Engraftment/direct effect/paracrine	None	[15]