Table 3.

Estimates of the Causal Effect of Head Start vs. Parental Care.

	ATE			ATT
Method	Estimate	Std. Error	p-value	Estimate	Std. Error	p-value
Unadjusted	−3.62	0.30	<0.001	---	---	---
ANCOVA including four covariatesa	−1.57	0.31	<0.001	---	---	---
Weighting	−1.46	0.51	0.004	−0.35	0.42	0.402
Matching – nearest neighbor	---	---	---	−0.24	0.41	0.562
Matching – optimal	---	---	---	−0.34	0.40	0.389
Subclassification	−1.39	0.45	0.003	−0.31	0.38	0.413

Notes. Estimates greater than zero indicate higher mean reading score in Head Start group. Dashed lines indicate that effect is not applicable.

^aCovariates included were child’s gender, child’s race, mother’s education and socio-economic status