Table 2.

The five phenotype model indicators of frailty and their associated measures.

Frailty indictor	Measure
Weight loss	Self-reported weight loss of more than 10 pounds or recorded weight loss of ≥ 5% per annum
Self-reported exhaustion	Self-reported exhaustion on CES-D depression score (3-4 days per week or most of the time)
Low energy expenditure	Energy expenditure <383 KCal/week (males) or <270 KCal/week (females)
Slow gait speed	Standardised cut-off times to walk 15 feet, stratified for sex and height
Weak grip strength	Grip strength, stratified by sex and BMI

Key. CES-D, Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression; BMI, body mass index.