Table 3.
Covariate adjusted associations between frailty and adverse outcomes (falls, disability, hospitalisation, care home admission and mortality) from four large prospective cohort studies.
| Study | Year | Country | Number of participants | Length of follow-up | Falls HR/OR 95% CI | Worsening disability HR/OR 95% CI | Hospitalisation HR/OR 95% CI | Care home admission HR/OR 95% CI | Mortality HR/OR 95% CI | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intermed frailty | Severe frailty | Intermed frailty | Severe frailty | Intermed frailty | Severe frailty | Intermed frailty | Severe frailty | Intermed frailty | Severe frailty | |||||
| Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) (3) | 2001 | US | 5317 | 7 years | HR 1.12 1.00-1.26 | HR 1.23 1.50-2.21 | HR 1.55 1.38-1.75 | HR 1.79 1.47-2.17 | HR 1.11 1.03-1.19 | HR 1.27 1.11-1.46 | NA | NA | HR 1.32 1.13-1.55 | HR 1.63 1.27-2.08 |
| Canadian Study of Health & Aging (CSHA) (90) | 2004 | Canada | 9008 | 5 years | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | OR 2.54 1.67-3.86 | OR 2.60 1.36-4.96 | OR 2.54 1.92-3.37 | OR 3.69 2.26-6.02 |
| Women’s Health & Aging Study (WHAS) (91) | 2006 | US | 1438 | 3 years | HR 0.92 0.63-1.64 | HR 1.18 0.63-2.19 | NA | NA | HR 0.99 0.67-1.47 | HR 0.67 0.33-1.35 | HR 5.16 0.81-32.8 | HR 23.98 4.45-129 | HR 3.50 1.91-6.39 | HR 6.03 3.00-12.0 |
| Study of Osteoporotic Fractures (SOF) (92) | 2008 | US | 6701 | 4.5 years | OR 1.23 1.02-1.48 | OR 2.44 1.95-3.04 | OR 1.89 1.66-2.14 | OR 2.79 2.31-3.37 | NA | NA | NA | NA | OR 1.54 1.40-1.69 | HR 2.75 2.46-3.07 |
Key: HR, hazard ratio; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; intermed, intermediate; US, United States; NA, not available