P450 |
Drug Metabolism |
Pharmacogenomic response tied to narcotic drugs |
There are 10 studies relating polymorphisms of this gene and opiate response |
Mu receptor |
Opioid response including endorphins |
Pain sensitivity and intolerance as well as pharmacogenomic response to opiates |
There are 10 studies relating polymorphisms of this gene and opiate response |
PENK |
Precursor to Enkephalins |
Pain sensitivity and intolerance |
There are 83 studies relating polymorphisms of this gene and enkephalins and opiate response |
TNF-α |
Inflammation |
High risk for development of inflammatory secondary messengers. Required increase in NSAID dosage. |
There are 2700 studies relating polymorphisms of this gene and the inflammatory response 3 studies specific to opiate response |
DRD2 |
Dopamine receptors |
Dopamine is required for proper pain sensitivity and tolerance. Most opiates work via dopamine to reduce pain. DA is also the anti-stress molecule. |
There are 11 studies involving the dopamine d2 receptor and pain mechanisms and 5 studies involving the drd2 gene polymorphisms and pain |
eNOS |
Oxidative stress |
Nitric Oxide deficiency leads to oxidative stress |
There are 75 studies relating polymorphisms of this gene and oxidative stress |
VEGF |
Angiogenesis Factor-required for proper tissue healing |
Slow healing process |
There are 3423 studies relating polymorphisms of this gene and angiogenesis |