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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Jul 18.
Published in final edited form as: J Biomech. 2014 Apr 26;47(10):2330–2338. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2014.04.021

Table 2.

Comparison of the improvements in variables including rate of balance loss, COM stability, landing kinematics, BOS slip kinematics, and temporal parameters from the first slip (S1) to the last slip (S7) during the training session between the 12-cm and 18-cm groups.

Groups p value
Variables 12-cm 18-cm
Rate of balance loss (%) 50.0 91.6 0.025
RTD 0.043 ± 0.041 0.063 ± 0.028 0.183
Stability LLO 0.227 ± 0.144 0.386 ± 0.157 0.016
LTD 0.450 ± 0.356 0.886 ± 0.374 0.007
Step length at RTD (/bh) −0.035 ± 0.025 −0.051 ± 0.033 0.194
Foot angle at RTD (deg) −7.850 ± 5.615 −11.34 ± 7.162 0.193
COM position at RTD 0.156 ± 0.139 0.198 ± 0.084 0.373
BOS velocity at LLO (m/s) −0.363 ± 0.487 −0.855 ± 0.412 0.014
Peak BOS velocity (m/s) −0.556 ± 0.276 −0.874 ± 0.309 0.015
Maximum BOS displacement (m) −0.019 ± 0.042 −0.088 ± 0.070 0.008
Durations (s) RTD to LLO 0.019 ± 0.026 0.001 ± 0.036 0.170
LLO to LTD 0.095 ± 0.202 0.202 ± 0.143 0.147

RTD: the slipping foot touchdown; LLO: the recovery foot liftoff; LTD: the instant immediately prior to the recovery foot touchdown.

The step length is the anteroposterior distance between heels at RTD and normalized to the body height (bh). The COM position is relative to the rear edge of the BOS and normalized by the foot length. Foot angle is the angle between the sole and ground where a flat foot corresponded to zero degrees with toe up as positive.