(a) For chromosome 11, distribution of interrogated DNA sequence displayed for (A) microsatellite markers (1993), (B) single-nucleotide polymorphisms on Affymetrix 100K genotypic oligonucleotide array (2004), and (C) whole exome (2010). (b) Genetic bases of recent cutaneous phenotypes identified by exome sequencing Affymetrix, USA (Sun et al., 2010; Concolino et al., 2010; Wang et al., 2010; Goudie et al., 2011; Auer-Grumbach et al., 2011; Zhou et al., 2011a; Shaheen et al., 2011; Lindhurst et al., 2011; Liu et al., 2011; Cullinane et al., 2011). Closed diamonds show activating mutations; open diamonds represent loss-of-function mutations.