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Mechanical unfolding of ubiquitin chains using a force-ramp. (A) Typical length vs. time recordings (black traces) for single ubiquitin chains stretched with a force that increased at a constant rate, a = 300 pN/s (red traces). (B) Length vs. force recordings obtained from data like that shown in (A). Each step increase in length marks the force at which the unfolding event occurred.
