Table 1.
Sociodemographic characteristics of women in the study (i)
| |
|
Pregnancy in prison (ii) |
|||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |
|
Birth in prison |
Birth out of prison |
All pregnancy in prison (ii) |
Prison controls (iii) |
Community controls (iv) |
|||||||
| n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | P value (v) | n | % | P value (v) | ||
|
Maternal age (years) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mean |
|
|
|
|
26.5 |
27.2 |
|
30.0 |
<0.001 |
||||
| Less than 20 |
6 |
6.1 |
11 |
5.4 |
17 |
5.6 |
108 |
8.7 |
0.0032 |
1540 |
3.9 |
<0.0001 |
|
| 20–24 |
34 |
34.3 |
93 |
45.8 |
127 |
42.1 |
382 |
30.9 |
6045 |
15.4 |
|||
| 25–29 |
32 |
32.3 |
52 |
25.6 |
84 |
27.8 |
373 |
30.1 |
11472 |
29.1 |
|||
| 30–34 |
20 |
20.2 |
34 |
16.7 |
54 |
17.9 |
252 |
20.4 |
12798 |
32.5 |
|||
| 35 and over |
7 |
7.1 |
13 |
6.4 |
20 |
6.6 |
119 |
9.6 |
7414 |
18.8 |
|||
|
Parity |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| None |
30 |
30.3 |
57 |
28.1 |
87 |
28.8 |
410 |
33.1 |
0.5511 |
22061 |
56.0 |
<0.0001 |
|
| One |
29 |
29.3 |
52 |
25.6 |
81 |
26.8 |
337 |
27.2 |
9764 |
24.8 |
|||
| Two |
17 |
17.2 |
38 |
18.7 |
55 |
18.2 |
207 |
16.7 |
4792 |
12.2 |
|||
| Three |
10 |
10.1 |
26 |
12.8 |
36 |
11.9 |
138 |
11.1 |
1705 |
4.3 |
|||
| Four or more |
13 |
13.1 |
30 |
14.8 |
43 |
14.2 |
146 |
11.8 |
1006 |
2.6 |
|||
| Missing/not stated |
0 |
0.0 |
0 |
0.0 |
0 |
0.0 |
0 |
0.0 |
|
39 |
|
|
|
|
Parous |
|
69 |
69.7 |
146 |
71.9 |
215 |
71.2 |
828 |
66.9 |
0.1509 |
17267 |
43.9 |
<0.0001 |
|
Aboriginal/Torres Strait Islander |
28 |
28.3 |
56 |
27.6 |
84 |
27.8 |
255 |
20.6 |
0.0068 |
863 |
2.2 |
<0.0001 |
|
|
Born in Australia |
85 |
85.9 |
181 |
89.2 |
266 |
88.1 |
1091 |
88.1 |
0.9821 |
27598 |
70.1 |
<0.0001 |
|
|
Opioid Substitution Therapy (OST) |
4 |
4.0 |
3 |
1.5 |
7 |
2.3 |
76 |
6.1 |
0.0034 |
30 |
0.1 |
<0.0001 |
|
|
Mental health admission |
25 |
25.3 |
57 |
28.1 |
81 |
26.8 |
318 |
25.7 |
2345 |
6.0 |
|||
|
Mental health admission and OST |
41 |
41.4 |
108 |
53.2 |
149 |
49.3 |
510 |
41.2 |
136 |
0.3 |
|||
|
Mental health admission or OST |
70 |
70.7 |
168 |
82.8 |
237 |
78.5 |
904 |
73 |
0.0394 |
2511 |
6.4 |
<0.0001 |
|
|
Cigarettes/day (vi) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| None |
23 |
23.2 |
29 |
14.3 |
52 |
17.2 |
287 |
23.2 |
0.0802 |
33699 |
85.6 |
<0.001 |
|
| 1–10 |
16 |
16.2 |
49 |
24.1 |
65 |
21.5 |
311 |
25.1 |
2974 |
7.6 |
|||
| >10 |
46 |
46.5 |
112 |
55.2 |
158 |
52.3 |
605 |
48.9 |
2428 |
6.2 |
|||
| Missing/not stated |
14 |
14.1 |
13 |
6.4 |
27 |
8.9 |
35 |
2.8 |
|
266 |
0.7 |
|
|
| Total |
99 |
100.0 |
203 |
100.0 |
302 |
100.0 |
1238 |
100.0 |
|
39367 |
100.0 |
|
|
| Any smoking during pregnancy |
76 |
76.8 |
174 |
85.7 |
250 |
82.8 |
960 |
77.5 |
0.0364 |
5813 |
14.8 |
<0.0001 |
|
|
Number of incarcerations (vii) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 1 |
35 |
35.4 |
67 |
33.0 |
102 |
33.8 |
711 |
57.4 |
<0.0001 |
n/a |
n/a |
|
|
| 2 |
14 |
14.1 |
39 |
19.2 |
53 |
17.5 |
256 |
20.7 |
n/a |
n/a |
|
||
| 3 |
11 |
11.1 |
35 |
17.2 |
46 |
15.2 |
111 |
9.0 |
n/a |
n/a |
|
||
| 4 |
12 |
12.1 |
15 |
7.4 |
27 |
8.9 |
67 |
5.4 |
n/a |
n/a |
|
||
| 5 |
5 |
5.1 |
8 |
3.9 |
13 |
4.3 |
33 |
2.7 |
n/a |
n/a |
|
||
| 6–10 |
17 |
17.2 |
32 |
15.8 |
49 |
16.2 |
55 |
4.4 |
n/a |
n/a |
|
||
| 11–20 |
5 |
5.1 |
7 |
3.4 |
12 |
4.0 |
5 |
0.4 |
|
n/a |
n/a |
|
|
| Total N | 99 | 100.0 | 203 | 100.0 | 302 | 100.0 | 1238 | 100.0 | 39367 | 100.0 | |||
(i) For each group, singleton births and first births during the study period (index births) only.
(ii) Births to women who were incarcerated for a minimum of five consecutive days during this pregnancy.
(iii) Births to women were not incarcerated during this pregnancy, but were incarcerated at another time during the study period.
(iv) A random 10% sample of births to women who were not incarcerated at all during the study period.
(v) One-way ANOVA and Bonferroni tests were used to test for differences between study and control groups in the distribution of maternal age; chi-square tests were used to look for differences between groups for all other maternal demographics.
(vi) Number of cigarettes smoked per day in the second half of pregnancy (from 20 weeks gestational age onwards).
(vii) Number of incarcerations of at least five days’ duration, 1998 to 2006.