Table 1.

Categorized indications for tracheotomy in study population

Category	Diagnosis
Cardiopulmonary	Bronchopulmonary dysplasia Congenital heart disease Pneumonia Pulmonary hypertension Restrictive lung disease
Craniofacial	Apert syndrome CHARGE syndrome Micrognathia Oculo-auriculo-vertebral syndrome Pierre-Robin sequence
Neurological	Arnold-Chiari malformation Brain tumor Cervical spine injury Central hypoventilation or apneic disorder Encephalopathy (e.g. infectious, hypoxic ischemic) Neuromuscular (e.g. myasthenia gravis, congenital hypotonia, spinal muscular atrophy, muscular dystrophy) Obstructive hydrocephalus Seizure disorder Traumatic brain injury
Trauma	Maxillofacial fractures Laryngotracheal trauma
Upper airway obstruction	Laryngomalacia Laryngeal web or cyst Neoplasm Subglottic hemangioma Subglottic stenosis Tracheoesophageal fistula Tracheomalacia Vocal fold paralysis