Table 2.

Summary of cancer related vitamin E trials.

Study type	Findings	Isoform	Result	Ref
in-vitro mouse melanoma model	Growth inhibition	Semi-synthetic form of α-tocopherol	(+)	ref. 49
in-vivo colon cancer mouse model	Inhibited tumorigenesis	Unspecified	(+)	ref. 51
Breast cancer for at risk women	Remission of mammary dysplasia	Synthetic α-tocopherol	(+)	ref. 50
Retrospective epidemiological study of breast cancer	Negative association between breast cancer and vitamin E plasma	Vit. E in serum (α-tocopherol)	(+)	ref. 11
Micronutrient intervention study of esophageal/gastric cancer	Lower mortality in β-carotene, vitamin E and selenium group	Unspecified	(+)	ref. 52
Randomized primary-prevention of lung cancer	Significant reduction in prostate and increase in stomach cancer	Synthetic α-tocopherol	(+) prostate, (−) stomach	ref 56
Meta-analysis of various cancers	Only prostate cancer is lower		(−) prostate	ref. 57
Epidemiological study of breast cancer	No association with breast cancer	Unspecified	no connection	ref. 58
Epidemiological study of breast cancer	No association with breast cancer	Unspecified	no connection	ref. 59
Prospective cohort study of breast cancer	No association with cancer incidence	Unspecified	no connection	ref. 60
Breast and gynecological cancer study	Higher vitamin E levels in cervical and endometrial cancers	Unspecified α-tocopherol	(−)	ref. 61
Randomized control study of total and prostate cancer	No effect of total or prostate cancer incidence	Synthetic α-tocopherol	no connection	ref. 62
Prostate cancer prevention trial	No effect on prostate cancer incidence	Unspecified	no connection	ref. 63
Prostate cancer prevention trial	Supplementation increased prostate cancer incidence	Synthetic α-tocopherol	(−)	ref. 15