Skip to main content
. 2014 May 30;15(6):9594–9627. doi: 10.3390/ijms15069594

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Simplified NLR pathways engaged in intestinal homeostasis. Upon microbial sensing, NOD1 and NOD2 recruit the adaptor protein RIP2 via CARD-CARD interactions. Activated RIP2 binds to the E3 ubiquitin ligases TRAFs and IAPs triggering NF-κB and MAPK signaling. Similarly, the adaptor protein ASC bridges the activated inflammasome NLRs (NLRP3, 6 and 12) to pro-caspase-1 through both PYD and CARD domains, respectively. Formation of the inflammasome complex triggers auto-proteolytic cleavage and activation of caspase-1 subsequently leading to maturation and release of IL-1β and IL-18. Activation of both NOD signaling and inflammasome pathways contributes to the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis against resident commensal microbes.