Self-assembly of YFP fragments. Confocal images of Arabidopsis protoplasts eight hours after transfection with either single TagRFP-YFPC or -YFPN plasmids, or with TagRFP-YFPC and YFPN-BBM plasmid combinations. The first column shows an overlay image of the background autofluorescence signal (blue), the TagRFP signal (red) and the YFP signal (yellow). The second and third columns show only the TagRFP and YFP signals, respectively. Co-transfection of plasmids containing YFPN-BBM and TagRFP-YFPC fragments results in a weak YFP signal, showing the re-constitution of the YFP molecule in the absence of a protein-protein interaction (self-assembly), and indicating the need for suitable negative controls and a quantitative read-out of the fluorescent signal in BiFC experiments.