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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Jun 20.
Published in final edited form as: Nanotechnology. 2014 May 23;25(24):245102. doi: 10.1088/0957-4484/25/24/245102

Figure 2.

Figure 2

A schematic depiction of a CNP penetrating an adherent cell with the equivalent circuit model overlaid. HEKA EPC 10 patch clamp amplifier shown. C and R denote, respectively, capacitors and resistors. Subscripts o, i, and j designate, respectively, extracellular, intracellular, and inner-pipette circuit components. Superscripts designate the following: S - Stern layer (capacitance), s- series (resistance), d – diffuse layer, n – nuclear membrane, m – cellular membrane, t – charge transfer. When modeling cytoplasm probing, the nuclear circuit elements (Cin and Rin) are omitted. (A) Complete circuit model. (B) Extracellular circuit approximation, only capacitors are included. (C) Intracellular (cytoplasm) circuit approximation, only capacitors are included.