Table 5.
Interaction effects between racial and ethnic groups and eligibility status for medication therapy management services based on 2010 eligibility criteria (adjusted model for main analysis)*
| Comparison Groups |
Variables | Multiplicative Effects | Marginal Effects | |||
| β€ | Exp(β)¥ | P | DID¶ | P | ||
| Whites & Blacks | Health Status | |||||
| Self-Perceived Good Health Status | 0.07 | 1.07 | 0.77 | 1.94 | <0.01 | |
| Number of Chronic Conditions | −0.01 | 0.99 | 0.87 | −0.22 | 0.19 | |
| Number of ADLs | 0.37 | 1.45 | 0.03 | 0.62 | 0.03 | |
| Number of IADLs | 0.26 | 1.29 | 0.09 | 0.62 | 0.03 | |
| Health Services Utilization and Costs | ||||||
| Number of ER Visits† | 0.52 | 1.67 | 0.02 | 0.12 | 0.03 | |
| ER Costs | 0.66 | 1.93 | 0.12 | 100.11 | 0.27 | |
| Number of Physician Visits | 0.08 | 1.09 | 0.43 | −4.27 | 0.24 | |
| Costs of Physician Visits | 0.11 | 1.11 | 0.40 | −890.83 | 0.09 | |
| Number of Hospitalizations | 0.08 | 1.08 | 0.70 | −0.07 | 0.52 | |
| Hospitalization Costs | −0.14 | 0.87 | 0.68 | −1488.28 | 0.41 | |
| Total Costs | 0.12 | 1.12 | 0.42 | −1298.09 | 0.61 | |
| Medication Utilization Patterns | ||||||
| Two or More High Risk Medications | 0.21 | 1.24 | 0.55 | −0.02 | 0.47 | |
| Generic Dispensing Ratio | 0.05 | -- | 0.09 | -- | -- | |
| Comparison Groups |
Variables | Multiplicative Effects | Marginal Effects | |||
| β€ | Exp(β)¥ | P | DID¶ | P | ||
| Whites & Hispanics | Health Status | |||||
| Self-perceived Good Health Status | 0.55 | 1.74 | 0.06 | 2.86 | <0.01 | |
| Number of Chronic Conditions | 0.14 | 1.15 | 0.01 | 0.26 | 0.14 | |
| Number of ADLs | −0.31 | 0.73 | 0.10 | −0.08 | 0.75 | |
| Number of IADLs | −0.14 | 0.87 | 0.35 | 0.04 | 0.86 | |
| Health Services Utilization and Costs | ||||||
| Number of ER Visits† | 0.18 | 1.19 | 0.49 | 0.02 | 0.73 | |
| ER Costs | 0.23 | 1.25 | 0.63 | −21.21 | 0.64 | |
| Number of Physician Visits | 0.33 | 1.40 | <0.01 | 4.43 | 0.27 | |
| Costs of Physician Visits | 0.37 | 1.45 | 0.02 | 404.55 | 0.56 | |
| Number of Hospitalizations | 0.43 | 1.54 | 0.11 | 0.01 | 0.93 | |
| Hospitalization Costs | 0.20 | 1.22 | 0.62 | −288.72 | 0.88 | |
| Total Costs | 0.37 | 1.45 | 0.02 | 2875.17 | 0.33 | |
| Medication Utilization Patterns | ||||||
| Two or More High Risk Medications | 0.26 | 1.30 | 0.55 | −0.02 | 0.29 | |
| Generic Dispensing Ratio | 0.02 | -- | 0.58 | -- | -- | |
*
Eligibility thresholds examined: 5 drugs, 3 chronic conditions, and $3,000 in drug costs.
¶
Difference in differences: (Whites-Blacks) among the ineligible individuals-(Whites-Blacks) among the eligible individuals.
€
β=Coefficient estimate.
¥
Exp(β)=Exponent of the coefficient estimate.
†
ER=Emergency room
--: Not applicable.