. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Jul 16.

Published in final edited form as: Popul Res Policy Rev. 2013 Jan 22;32(3):325–352. doi: 10.1007/s11113-013-9268-7

Table 2.

Drinking Status and the Risk of Death (Hazard Ratios), U.S. Adults Aged 21 and Above, 1988-2006

	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4	Model 5	Model 6	Model 7	Model 8	Model 9^a
Panel A: Nondrinker Status and Reasons for Nondrinking
Drinking Status (current drinker, <1 drink/day)
Abstainers^b
Family prosocial	0.96	1.16 ^*	1.15 ^*	1.10	1.06	1.14 ^*	1.13 +	1.03	0.93
Prosocial	1.14 ^***	1.32 ^***	1.32 ^***	1.25 ^***	1.21 ^***	1.31 ^***	1.30 ^***	1.17 ^***	1.11 ^*
Infrequent Drinkers^b
Family prosocial	1.13	1.26 ^*	1.28 ^**	1.22 ^*	1.19 +	1.27 ^**	1.27 ^**	1.16	1.07
Dislike drinking	1.14 ^***	1.22 ^***	1.22 ^***	1.17 ^***	1.16 ^***	1.21 ^***	1.21 ^***	1.14 ^***	1.09 ^*
Former Drinkers^b
Health concerns	1.35 ^***	1.35 ^***	1.34 ^***	1.30 ^***	1.28 ^***	1.34 ^***	1.34 ^***	1.26 ^***	1.16 ^***
Family problem drinker	1.29 ^***	1.26 ^***	1.28 ^***	1.24 ^*	1.22 ^*	1.27 ^**	1.26 ^**	1.19 ^***	1.21 ^***
Problem drinker	1.60 ^**	1.46 ^**	1.45 ^**	1.40 ^*	1.40 ^*	1.45 ^**	1.44 ^**	1.38 ^*	1.14
Current Drinkers
1 to less than 2 drinks per day	1.16 ^**	1.09 +	1.08	1.09	1.09 +	1.08	1.08	1.09 +	1.08
2 to less than 3 drinks per day	1.68 ^***	1.49 ^***	1.48 ^***	1.48 ^***	1.49 ^***	1.48 ^***	1.48 ^***	1.49 ^***	1.49 ^***
3 or more drinks per day	2.08 ^***	1.70 ^***	1.66 ^***	1.61 ^***	1.60 ^***	1.66 ^***	1.66 ^***	1.58 ^***	1.55 ^***
Unknown number or frequenc	1.43 ^***	1.37 ^***	1.34 ^***	1.31 ^***	1.31 ^***	1.34 ^***	1.34 ^***	1.30 ^***	1.20 ^*
Sex (male)	1.48 ^***	1.45 ^***	1.52 ^***	1.50 ^***	1.53 ^***	1.52 ^***	1.51 ^***	1.52 ^***	1.55 ^***
Race/Ethnicity (non-Hispanic white)
Non-Hispanic black	1.24 ^***	1.19 ^***	1.15 ^***	1.08 ^*	1.06	1.13 ^**	1.14 ^**	1.02	1.06
Hispanic	0.90 +	0.89 ^*	0.88 ^*	0.81 ^***	0.84 ^**	0.87 ^*	0.88 ^*	0.81 ^***	0.81 ^**
Non-Hispanic Asian	0.55 ^**	0.56 ^**	0.56 ^**	0.54 ^**	0.57 ^**	0.57 ^**	0.58 ^**	0.57 ^**	0.68 +
Other	1.06	1.04	1.03	1.02	1.02	1.02	1.03	1.00	1.03
Smoking status (never smoked)
Former		1.25 ^***	1.26 ^***	1.25 ^***	1.25 ^***	1.26 ^***	1.26 ^***	1.25 ^***	1.20 ^***
Current		2.17 ^***	2.13 ^***	2.10 ^***	2.08 ^***	2.14 ^***	2.13 ^***	2.07 ^***	2.10 ^***
Marital status (married)
Widowed			1.19 ^***	1.17 ^***	1.07 ^*	1.18 ^***	1.19 ^***	1.07 ^*	1.09 ^**
Divorced/separated			1.31 ^***	1.31 ^***	1.17 ^***	1.32 ^***	1.32 ^***	1.19 ^***	1.25 ^***
Never married			1.29 ^***	1.31 ^***	1.14 ^***	1.29 ^***	1.30 ^***	1.18 ^***	1.26 ^***
Education				0.97 ^***				0.99 ^***	0.99 ^**
Logged Income					0.83 ^***			0.85 ^***	0.89 ^***
BMI						0.99 +		0.98 ^*	0.99
BMI²						1.00 ^**		1.00 ^***	1.00 ^**
Region (Northeast)
Midwest							1.08 ^*	1.06 +	1.07
South							1.08 ^*	1.06 +	1.04
West							1.03	1.03	1.03
Panel B: Nondrinker Status^b
Abstainers	1.12 ^**	1.30 ^***	1.30 ^***	1.23 ^***	1.19 ^***	1.29 ^***	1.28 ^***	1.16 ^***	1.09 ^*
Infrequent Drinkers	1.14 ^***	1.23 ^***	1.22 ^***	1.17 ^***	1.16 ^***	1.22 ^***	1.22 ^***	1.14 ^***	1.09 ^*
Former Drinkers	1.35 ^***	1.34 ^***	1.34 ^***	1.30 ^***	1.28 ^***	1.33 ^***	1.33 ^***	1.26 ^***	1.17 ^***

^***

p < .001

^**

p < .01

p < .05;

+ p < .10

Notes: referent is listed in parentheses. N=41,076 for Models 1-7.

Model 9 is restricted to those who were in good, very good, or excellent health at the time of the interview (N=35,261).

Hazard ratios in Panel B come from separate analyses that examine subgroups of nondrinkers, without reference to the reasons for nondrinking. All hazard ratios are compared to current drinkers drinking less than 1 drink per day (referent) and adjust for the same covariates as the corresponding models in Panel A.

Source: 1988 National Health Interview Survey Alcohol Supplement Linked Mortality File.