. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Jul 16.

Published in final edited form as: Popul Res Policy Rev. 2013 Jan 22;32(3):325–352. doi: 10.1007/s11113-013-9268-7

Table 3.

Hazard Ratios of Drinking Status by Cause of Death, U.S. Adults Aged 21 and Above and in Good or Better Health, 1988-2006

		Causes of Death
	All cause	Heart	Cancer	Resp	External	Other
Panel A: Nondrinker Status and Reasons for Nondrinking
Drinking Status (current drinker, <1 drink/day)
Abstainers
Family prosocial	0.93	1.04	0.66 ^*	0.34	0.97	1.06
Prosocial	1.11 ^*	1.27 ^**	1.03	1.09	0.70 +	1.08
Infrequent Drinkers
Family prosocial	1.07	1.52 ^*	1.05	1.67	0.29	0.77
Dislike drinking	1.09 ^*	1.11	1.05	1.28	1.01	1.10
Former Drinkers
Health reasons	1.16 ^***	1.21 ^**	1.17 ^*	1.37 +	0.96	1.12 +
Family problem drinker	1.21 ^*	1.28	1.26	1.40	1.16	1.07
Problem drinker	1.14	1.64	0.97	0.76	0.46	1.12
Current Drinkers
1 to less than 2 drinks per day	1.08	0.98	1.34 ^**	0.69	0.68	1.09
2 to less than 3 drinks per day	1.49 ^***	1.32 +	1.78 ^***	1.55	1.41	1.36 +
3 or more drinks per day	1.55 ^***	1.13	1.96 ^***	1.32	1.55 +	1.55 ^**
Unknown number or frequency	1.20 ^*	1.32 +	1.26	1.87	0.46	1.07
Sex (male)	1.55 ^***	1.98 ^***	1.32 ^***	1.15	2.72 ^***	1.36 ^***
Race/Ethnicity (non-Hispanic white)
Non-Hispanic black	1.06	0.99	1.20 ^*	0.55 +	0.82	1.14
Hispanic	0.81 ^**	0.68 ^**	0.84	0.45 +	0.81	0.96
Non-Hispanic Asian	0.68 +	0.79	0.79	omit	0.41	0.65 +
Other	1.03	1.07	1.10	1.15	0.65	0.99
Smoking status (never smoked)
Former	1.20 ^***	1.19 ^**	1.25 ^*	4.48 ^***	1.19	1.06
Current	2.10 ^***	1.79 ^***	2.33 ^***	12.30 ^***	1.91 ^***	1.79 ^***
Marital status (married)
Widowed	1.09 ^**	1.22 ^**	1.03	0.97	1.25	1.04
Divorced/separated	1.25 ^***	1.29 ^***	1.15	1.15	1.19	1.34 ^***
Never married	1.26 ^***	1.37 ^**	1.04	1.02	1.03	1.42 ^***
Education	0.99 ^**	0.98 ^**	0.98 ^*	0.96 ^*	0.93 ^**	1.01
Logged Income	0.89 ^***	0.91 ^*	0.90 ^**	0.86	0.76 ^***	0.90 ^**
BMI	0.99	1.01	0.98 +	0.87 ^***	0.98	1.00
BMI²	1.00 ^**	1.00	1.00 ^***	1.00 ^***	1.00 +	1.00 ^*
Region (Northeast)
Midwest	1.07	0.95	1.10	1.19	1.85 ^***	1.08
South	1.04	0.96	0.98	1.52 ^*	1.71 ^**	1.04
West	1.03	0.90	0.93	1.28	1.70 ^**	1.14 ^*
Panel B: Nondrinker Status^a
Abstainers	1.09 ^*	1.25 ^**	0.98	1.00	0.74	1.08
Infrequent Drinkers	1.09 ^*	1.144 +	1.051	1.30	0.93	1.991
Former Drinkers	1.17 ^***	1.224 ^**	1.175 ^*	1.357 +	0.962	1.114 +

^***

p < .001

^**

p < .01

p < .05

+ p < .10

Notes: Referent is listed in parentheses. N is 35,261 for all models.

Hazard ratios in Panel B come from separate analyses that examine subgroups of nondrinkers, without reference to the reasons for nondrinking. All hazard ratios are compared to current drinkers drinking less than 1 drink per day (referent) and adjust for the same covariates as the corresponding models in Panel A. Source: 1988 National Health Interview Survey Alcohol Supplement Linked Mortality File.