Table 4. Correlations and Pairwise Causality Statistics between the Study Variables.
| Comparison | r (95% CI) | Tkernel (95% CI) | Tentropy (95% CI) | |
| Cross-sectional | TV-time vs. Waist, 2001 | 0.126 (0.085, 0.167) | 0.015 (0.000, 0.032) | 0.001 (−0.006, 0.007) |
| TV-time vs. Waist, 2007 | 0.187 (0.146, 0.227) | 0.175 (0.097, 0.276) | −0.011 (−0.027, 0.001) | |
| TV-time vs. Waist, 2011 | 0.203 (0.160, 0.245) | 0.011 (−0.009, 0.037) | −0.014 (−0.052, 0.022) | |
| TV-time vs. BMI, 2001 | 0.116 (0.075, 0.156) | 0.014 (−0.006, 0.030) | −0.001 (−0.008, 0.006) | |
| TV-time vs. BMI, 2007 | 0.185 (0.144, 0.225) | 0.164 (0.091, 0.260) | −0.012 (−0.029, 0.003) | |
| TV-time vs. BMI, 2011 | 0.170 (0.127, 0.213) | 0.005 (−0.018, 0.031) | −0.020 (−0.0512, 0.005) | |
| Longitudinal | TV-time vs. Δ6yWaist | 0.101 (0.055, 0.148) | 0.018 (0.004, 0.039) | −0.001 (−0.007, 0.006) |
| Waist vs. Δ6yTV-time | 0.011 (−0.035, 0.057) | −0.001 (−0.014, 0.001) | 0.000 (−0.002, 0.002) | |
| TV-time vs. Δ10y Waist | 0.110 (0.062, 0.157) | 0.023 (0.008, 0.043) | 0.000 (−0.005, 0.008) | |
| Waist vs. Δ10yTV-time | 0.030 (−0.019, 0.078) | −0.001 (−0.011, 0.001) | −0.002 (−0.017, 0.002) | |
| TV-time vs. Δ6yBMI | 0.078 (0.032, 0.124) | 0.012 (0.001, 0.030) | 0.000 (−0.007, 0.007) | |
| BMI vs. Δ6yTV-time | 0.020 (−0.026, 0.066) | −0.001 (−0.017, 0.001) | 0.000 (−0.002, 0.003) | |
| TV-time vs. Δ10yBMI | 0.085 (0.038, 0.133) | 0.014 (0.001, 0.035) | 0.001 (−0.005, 0.009) | |
| BMI vs. Δ10yTV-time | 0.018 (−0.031, 0.066) | 0.000 (−0.006, 0.002) | 0.000 (−0.011, 0.003) |
Positive value of Tkernel or Tentropy suggests that the first-mentioned variable in comparison is causal antecedent of the secondly mentioned, whereas a negative value implies the opposite. Parentheses give 95% bootstrap-percentile confidence intervals of estimates, except for ordinary correlation for which standard asymptotic theory was used. Statistically significant comparisons are highlighted with bold font.
Δ6y = change over six years (from 2001 to 2007).
Δ10y = change over ten years (from 2001 to 2011).
Waist = Waist circumference.
r = Correlation coefficient.
Tkernel = DirectLiNGAM- and Kernel-based measure of pairwise causality.
Tentropy = Approximate-entropy and asymptotic-likelihood –based measure of pairwise causality.