Table 1. List of chemical analytes assessed in whole avian blood using a VetScan machine with Avian/Reptilian Plus rotors, and clinical pathologies these measures can indicate when significantly elevated and/or depressed, according to Harr [35], Fudge [60] and Rosskopf and Woerpel [61].

Parameter	Pathologies indicated
Aspartate aminotransferase	Liver disease; muscle damage
Creatine kinase	Muscle damage
Uric acid	Kidney disease
Glucose	Severe liver disease; sepsis; anorexia; pancreatic disease
Phosphorus	Kidney disease; fluid balance
Calcium ions	Bone disease; kidney disease
Total protein	Liver, gastrointestinal and kidney disease; dehydration; starvation
Sodium ions	Fluid balance; dehydration