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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Jul 16.
Published in final edited form as: Soc Sci Med. 2011 Dec 14;74(4):625–636. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.10.021

Table 3.

General Health Status in Mid to Late Life

Age 35 - 55 Over 55
Controls for
Childhood SES +
Young Adult
Family		 Controls for
Childhood SES +
Young Adult
Nhood + Fam		 Controls for
Childhood SES +
Young Adult
Backgrd +
Contemporaneous
NHood		 Controls for
Childhood SES +
Young Adult
Family		 Controls for
Childhood SES +
Young Adult Nhood
+ Fam		 Controls for
Childhood SES +
Young Adult Backgrd
+ Contemporaneous
NHood
Childhood factors
Black
  Non-Hispanic white (reference category)		 −6.4238***
(0.3035)		 −5.2458***
(0.3210)		 −5.3266***
(0.3218)		 −5.2408***
(0.3851)		 −3.6323***
(0.4049)		 −3.8721***
(0.4058)
Childhood poverty
  Non-poor (reference category)		 −0.9583***
(0.1670)		 −0.8027***
(0.1662)		 −0.8010***
(0.1663)		 −3.0631***
(0.2197)		 −2.9577***
(0.2193)		 −2.9434***
(0.2196)
Mother’s education:
 High school dropout
  High school dropout		 −1.8096***
(0.1660)		 −1.8141***
(0.1659)		 −1.8138***
(0.1660)		 −2.3982***
(0.2227)		 −2.4046***
(0.2241)		 −2.4144***
(0.2244)
 College educated 1.6477***
(0.2504)		 1.9316***
(0.2487)		 1.8945***
(0.2489)		 0.9967***
(0.3407)		 1.2704***
(0.3399)		 1.2114***
(0.3404)
Father’s education:
 High school dropout
  High school graduate (reference category)		 −2.0027***
(0.1785)		 −1.9255***
(0.1773)		 −1.8857***
(0.1774)		 −1.6665***
(0.2414)		 −1.7798***
(0.2405)		 −1.7860***
(0.2409)
 College educated −0.5665**
(0.2626)		 −0.3117
(0.2608)		 −0.2771
(0.2611)		 0.3004
(0.3593)		 0.1198
(0.3574)		 0.1359
(0.3578)
Father’s occupation:
 White collar
 1998Blue collar (reference category)		 0.2164
(0.2441)		 0.3893+
(0.2427)		 0.3786+
(0.2429)		 0.4631+
(0.3334)		 0.7858**
(0.3324)		 0.7271**
(0.3329)
Grew up on farm
  Grew up in large, urban MSA (ref. category)		 −0.9223***
(0.2153)		 −1.0149***
(0.2184)		 −1.1212***
(0.2187)		 0.8425***
(0.2743)		 0.7363***
(0.2764)		 0.6976**
(0.2768)
Grew up in small town −1.6966***
(0.1879)		 −1.6357***
(0.1885)		 −1.7062***
(0.1886)		 −1.6318***
(0.2407)		 −1.7885***
(0.2419)		 −1.7948***
(0.2422)
Grew up in different places 1.3571*
(0.7486)		 2.1853***
(0.7418)		 2.1411***
(0.7421)		 −0.8392
(0.9055)		 0.1602
(0.8995)		 0.1722
(0.9004)
Young Adulthood factors
Family income-to needs ratio
avg during 1967-1972), spline:
 Income-to-needs ratio*ratio is <1 12.6425***
(1.1252)		 12.0062***
(1.1222)		 12.0201***
(1.1229)		 14.4338***
(1.5567)		 15.1875***
(1.5577)		 15.4341***
(1.5593)
 Income-to-needs ratio* ratio is 1 to 3 2.2339***
(0.1510)		 1.6325***
(0.1515)		 1.6691***
(0.1516)		 2.6004***
(0.1937)		 2.0381***
(0.1938)		 2.0775***
(0.1940)
 Income-to-needs ratio* ratio is >3 0.1179*
(0.0673)		 0.0799
(0.0666)		 0.0822
(0.0667)		 0.2545***
(0.0844)		 0.2012**
(0.0837)		 0.2175***
(0.0838)
Educational attainment:
 High school dropout
  High school graduate (reference category)		 −6.4392***
(0.2142)		 −6.1404***
(0.2136)		 −6.1589***
(0.2138)		 −8.0484***
(0.2871)		 −7.2543***
(0.2881)		 −7.2735***
(0.2885)
 Some college 0.4847**
(0.1964)		 0.6371***
(0.1957)		 0.6620***
(0.1958)		 0.9893***
(0.2626)		 1.1771***
(0.2628)		 1.1769***
(0.2632)
 College graduate or higher 3.7414***
(0.2039)		 4.0982***
(0.2026)		 4.1290***
(0.2028)		 5.0618***
(0.2717)		 5.4568***
(0.2715)		 5.4627***
(0.2718)
No Private HI coverage, 1968-1972 −2.3005***
(0.1696)		 −1.7638***
(0.1691)		 −1.7383***
(0.1692)		 −3.2845***
(0.2183)		 −2.5922***
(0.2192)		 −2.6260***
(0.2194)
Smoked cigarettes at some point, 1968-1972 −2.4748***
(0.1747)		 −2.2742***
(0.1737)		 −2.2738***
(0.1738)		 −2.7553***
(0.2195)		 −2.6894***
(0.2180)		 −2.7168***
(0.2182)
Annual alcohol expenditures (in $100’s),
 5-year average 1968-1972		 0.0185+
(0.0122)		 0.0052
(0.0122)		 0.0050
(0.0122)		 0.0341**
(0.0155)		 0.0198
(0.0155)		 0.0197
(0.0155)
Young Adult Neighborhood factors
Neighborhood poverty rate (1970), spline:
  Low poverty neighborhood (reference category)
 Medium poverty neighborhood −2.2588***
(0.2752)		 −2.3401***
(0.2759)		 −2.7542***
(0.3558)		 −3.0075***
(0.3568)
 Neighborhood poverty rate - 20)* rate is 10 to 30% −1.1892***
(0.3765)		 −1.2353***
(0.3772)		 −1.4913***
(0.4985)		 −1.7541***
(0.4996)
 High poverty neighborhood −0.5325
(0.4500)		 −0.5253
(0.4507)		 −6.3390***
(0.5921)		 −6.4341***
(0.5929)
Neighborhood crime problem −0.6165**
(0.2918)		 −0.6449**
(0.2920)		 −1.2592***
(0.3713)		 −1.2929***
(0.3717)
Residential segregation dissimilarity index, 1970 (MSA) −2.0344+
(1.4509)		 −2.4281*
(1.4528)		 −4.9635***
(1.8422)		 −5.2839***
(1.8447)
Neighborhood housing quality index −1.1363***
(0.0538)		 −1.1406***
(0.0538)		 −0.7885***
(0.0724)		 −0.7852***
(0.0725)
Neighborhood connectedness to informal sources of help 0.5998***
(0.0589)		 0.6015***
(0.0589)		 0.7270***
(0.0750)		 0.7260***
(0.0751)
Average Aspirations index in neighborhood 0.4689***
(0.0530)		 0.4689***
(0.0531)		 0.5967***
(0.0677)		 0.5995***
(0.0678)
Contemporaneous Neighborhood
Neighborhood poverty rate 0.0714**
(0.0322)		 0.5512***
(0.0459)
Random Effects, Unmeasured (Std Dev)
Young Adult Neighborhood component 5.3427***
(0.1794)		 5.1491***
(0.1766)		 5.1865***
(0.1760)		 5.2475***
(0.2416)		 4.8412***
(0.2576)		 4.8621***
(0.2575)
Family component 5.6989***
(0.1948)		 5.4752***
(0.1954)		 5.4415***
(0.1972)		 4.8759***
(0.3473)		 4.5505***
(0.3707)		 4.5092***
(0.3749)
Individual component 11.5072***
(0.0711)		 11.4734***
(0.0705)		 11.4871***
(0.0706)		 14.8695***
(0.1040)		 14.9012***
(0.1043)		 14.9303***
(0.1045)
Transitory error component 6.7333***
(0.0082)		 6.7333***
(0.0082)		 6.7304***
(0.0082)		 7.7175***
(0.0122)		 7.7177***
(0.01218)		 7.7130***
(0.0122)
Log-likelihood −1333818.6 −1333338.8 −1333230.3 −871477.14 −871153.91 −871078.29
Number of counties 306 306 306 306 306 306
Number of neighborhoods 1,416 1,416 1,416 1,129 1,129 1,129
Number of families 1,827 1,827 1,827 1,460 1,460 1,460
Number of individuals 2,625 2,625 2,625 2,019 2,019 2,019
Number of person-year observations 22,766 22,766 22,766 13,355 13,355 13,355
***

p<0.01

**

p<0.05

*

p<0.10

Note: All models include a constant and controls for age, age squared, age cubed, year of birth, gender, birth order, region of birth, and indices intended to capture long-term planning horizon (coefficients suppressed to conserve space).