Figure 2. Population growth rate and recruitment of elk (5-yr localized gemoetric means and 5-yr localized means, respectively) in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem 1978 to 2010 for six herds recolonized by wolves.

Whiskered points are means and 95% CI for the pre-wolf (1978–1995) and post wolf (1996–2010) period. Recruitment is expressed as absolute deviation from 33-yr herd-specific means.