Table 1a. Study characteristics.
| Study | Publication | Dataset | No. of cases | Mean age | Sex distribution (M) | Observation period | Minimum duration of continuous DMP participation before beginning of ‧analysis | Adjustment for selection bias (method: variables used) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DMP | CG | DMP | CG | DMP | CG | ||||||
| 1 | (19) (20) |
BARMER claims data (nationwide) |
19 888 mp | 19 888 mp | 66.3 | 66.0 | 47% | 48% | 2005 to 2007 | 36 months*3 | PSM: age, sex, zip code, insurance status, drug and hospital costs, selected hospital diagnoses, drug prescriptions |
| (21/ 22) |
19 882 mp | 19 882 mp | 67.04 | 67.02 | 46.4% | 46.4% | 2003 to 2007*2 | 36 months | |||
| 2 | (23) | BARMER claims data (nationwide) |
80 745 | 79 137 | 40 to 95 | N/A | 2006 | 12 months*4 | Evaluation: sex-specific, standardized for age | ||
| 3 | (24) | BARMER patient survey: random sample (nationwide) |
2061 | 2182 | 66.7*1 | 66.5*1 | 49.8%*1 | May to June 2007 | 1 day | Regression analysis: education, age, sex | |
| (25) | Regression analysis: active health-related ‧behavior, age, sex | ||||||||||
| 4 | (26) | TK claims data (nationwide) |
84 410 | 23 180 | 63.8 ± 10.2 | 63.6 ± 12.6 | 64.7% | 64.4% | 2007 to 2008 | 1 day*5 | PSIM: age, sex, level of care, education, ‧occupational status, drug and hospital costs, ‧scope of prescription in defined daily dose, ‧relevant comorbidities |
| 5 | (27) | KKH-Allianz claims data (nationwide) |
7131 mp | 7131 mp | 62.8 ± 10.3 | 62.8 ± 10.7 | 42.6% | July 2004 to ‧December 2006 | 18 months | Matching: age, sex, care expenditure expected ‧after adjustment for morbidity | |
| 6 | (28) | AOK claims data, part of ELSID study (Rhineland– Palatinate, Saxony–Anhalt) |
1927 mp | 1927 mp | 70.7 ± 8.6 | 70.73 ± 8.57 | 39.7% | 39.7% | 2006 to 2008 | 1 day*5 | Matching: age groups, sex, retirement status, federal state, pharmacy cost group, diagnosis cost group |
Abbreviations and notes: CG: Control group; mp: Matched pairs; M: Male; TK: Techniker Krankenkasse; AOK: Allgemeine Ortskrankenkasse; KKH: Kaufmännische Krankenkasse Halle; ELSID: Evaluation of Large Scale Implementation of Disease Management Programs for Patients with Type 2 Diabetes; PSM: Propensity score matching; PSIM: Propensity score interval matching; N/A, not available
*1In Graf et al. 2009 (25) only; N/A in Elkeles et al. 2009 (24)
*2Analysis 1: 2007; analysis 2: 2003 (baseline), 2007 (follow-up)
*3Unclear: continuous DMP participation (at least 300 days per year), 36 to 48 months
*4Continuous DMP participation from January 2006 to May 2007, data gathered in 2006
*5Unclear whether DMP participants must be enrolled throughout the observation period