Table 1.

Summary of studies investigating the effects of vitamin D and vitamin D analogues in experimental models of kidney disease

NF-κB, nuclear factor-κB; TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; EMT, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition; MCP-1, monocyte chemotactic protein-1; CTGF, connective tissue growth factor; RANTES, regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; IL-6, interleukin-6; ED-1, anti-CD68 antibody; PCNA, proliferating cell nuclear antigen; TUNEL, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling; AT₁R, angiotensin II type 1 receptor; NADPH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; JNK, jun N-terminal kinase; PAN, puromycin aminonucleoside; PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase.