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Experimental timeline. For both experiments, control trials (without drug) were performed on separate days. For experiment 1, the absence of the gag reflex following tactile stimulation of the oropharynx confirmed that afferent blockade was effective. For experiment 2, the absence of tachycardia in response to intravenous isoproterenol confirmed that efferent blockade was effective. Please see main text for details.
