Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of the cohort*
| Characteristics | All episodes | LS-NVE | LS-PVE | RS-IE | CIED-IE |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of IE episodes |
1456 (100) |
967 (66.4) |
339 (23.3) |
89 (6.1) |
61 (4.2) |
| Age (y) |
65 (50 to 64) |
64 (48 to 74) |
70 (61 to 76) |
48 (35 to 67) |
67 (55 to 77) |
| Male |
1018 (70) |
688 (71) |
221 (65) |
61 (69) |
48 (79) |
| Comorbidity and predisposing conditions |
|
||||
| Native valve disease |
372 (26) |
299 (31) |
60 (18) |
7 (8) |
6 (10) |
| Diabetes mellitus |
268 (18) |
164 (17) |
79 (23) |
10 (11) |
15 (25) |
| Chronic liver disease |
262 (18) |
169 (18) |
49 (15) |
38 (43) |
6 (10) |
| Cancer |
175 (12) |
131 (14) |
28 (8) |
10 (11) |
6 (10) |
| Chronic intravenous access |
154 (11) |
102 (11) |
34 (10) |
11 (12) |
7 (12) |
| Current intravenous drug abuse |
131 (9) |
81 (8) |
14 (4) |
34 (38) |
2 (3) |
| Previous IE |
118 (8) |
48 (5) |
59 (17) |
7 (8) |
4 (7) |
| Congenital heart disease |
112 (8) |
85 (9) |
16 (5) |
6 (7) |
5 (8) |
| Immunosuppressive therapy |
86 (6) |
70 (7) |
11 (3) |
2 (2) |
3 (5) |
| HIV infection |
52 (4) |
36 (4) |
4 (1) |
10 (11) |
2 (3) |
| Hemodialysis |
29 (2) |
21 (2) |
4 (1) |
2 (2) |
2 (3) |
| Microbiology |
|
||||
| Staphylococcus aureus |
283 (19) |
181 (19) |
53 (16) |
35 (39) |
14 (23) |
| Viridans group streptococci |
217 (15) |
172 (18) |
29 (9) |
8 (9) |
8 (13) |
| Enterococcus species |
182 (13) |
117 (12) |
53 (16) |
8 (9) |
4 (7) |
| Coagulase-negative staphylococci |
147 (10) |
74 (8) |
55 (16) |
4 (5) |
14 (23) |
| Streptococcus bovis |
142 (10) |
105 (11) |
29 (9) |
7 (8) |
1 (2) |
| Other streptococci |
59 (4) |
46 (5) |
7 (2) |
3 (3) |
3 (5) |
| Other microorganisms |
61 (4) |
36 (4) |
20 (6) |
2 (2) |
3 (5) |
| Polymicrobial |
51 (4) |
34 (4) |
10 (3) |
4 (5) |
3 (5) |
| Fungi |
20 (1) |
12 (1) |
8 (2) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
| HACEK |
3 (0.2) |
0 (0) |
2 (0.6) |
1 (1) |
0 (0) |
| Microbiology negative | 291 (20) | 190 (20) | 73 (22) | 17 (19) | 11 (18) |
*Data reported as number, median (interquartile range), or number (% patients).
Abbreviations:CIED-IE infective endocarditis associated with a cardiac implantable electronic device, HACEKHaemophilus species, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Cardiobacterium hominis, Eikenella corrodens, and Kingella kingae, HIV human immunodeficiency virus, LS-NVE left-sided native valve endocarditis, LS-PVE left-sided prosthetic valve endocarditis, RS-IE right-sided infective endocarditis.