Table 3.
Total cohort: univariate analysis of factors associated with embolism*
|
Characteristics |
IE episodes |
IE episodes |
p
≤ † |
|---|---|---|---|
| |
with embolic |
without embolic |
|
| events | events | ||
| Number of episodes of IE |
499 |
957 |
|
|
Age (y) |
62 (28 to 81) |
67 (31 to 84) |
0.0002 |
| Male |
361 (72) |
657 (69) |
NS |
| Hemodialysis |
10 (2) |
19 (2) |
NS |
| Diabetes mellitus |
86 (17) |
182 (19) |
NS |
|
HIV infection |
29 (6) |
23 (2) |
0.004 |
|
Cancer |
46 (9) |
129 (13) |
0.03 |
|
Chronic liver disease |
115 (23) |
147 (15) |
0.0005 |
|
Current intravenous drug abuse |
74 (15) |
57 (6) |
0.0001 |
| Previous IE |
38 (8) |
80 (8) |
NS |
| Chronic intravenous access |
59 (12) |
95 (10) |
NS |
| Congenital heart disease |
38 (8) |
74 (8) |
NS |
| Native valve predisposition |
132 (26) |
270 (28) |
NS |
| Nosocomial IE |
29 (6) |
50 (5) |
NS |
| Health care associated IE |
107 (21) |
227 (24) |
NS |
| Community-acquired IE |
363 (73) |
680 (71) |
NS |
| Native vs prosthetic valve |
385 vs 114 |
732 vs 225 |
NS |
| Site of IE (n = 1282) |
|
||
| Mitral vs aortic valve |
166 vs 161 |
329 vs 359 |
NS |
| Bivalvular involvement (mitral and aortic) |
39 (8) |
78 (8) |
NS |
|
Right-sided IE |
60 (12) |
29 (3) |
0.0001 |
| CIED-IE |
21 (4) |
40 (4) |
NS |
| Vegetations (n = 710)‡ |
|
||
| Size of all vegetations (mm) |
14 (6 to 30) |
10 (4 to 26) |
0.0001 |
| ≥ 10 mm |
228 (79) |
264 (63) |
0.0001 |
| ≥ 15 mm |
142 (49) |
145 (35) |
0.0001 |
| ≥ 20 mm |
74 (26) |
78 (19) |
0.03 |
| Concomitant therapy at onset of IE |
|
||
| Anticoagulants |
102 (20) |
228 (24) |
NS |
| Antiaggregants |
68 (14) |
103 (11) |
NS |
| Microbiology |
|
|
|
|
Staphylococcus aureus
|
141 (28) |
142 (15) |
0.0001 |
| Viridans group streptococci |
66 (13) |
151 (16) |
NS |
| Coagulase-negative staphylococci |
52 (10) |
95 (10) |
NS |
|
Enterococcus
species |
45 (9) |
137 (1) |
0.004 |
| Streptococcus bovis |
44 (9) |
98 (10) |
NS |
| Polymicrobial |
19 (4) |
32 (3) |
NS |
| Other microorganisms |
16 (3) |
45 (6) |
NS |
| Other streptococci |
16 (3) |
43 (5) |
NS |
| Fungi/yeasts |
7 (1) |
13 (1) |
NS |
| HACEK |
1 (0.2) |
2 (0.2) |
NS |
| Microbiology negative | 92 (18) | 199 (21) | NS |
*Total cohort, N = 1456 episodes of infective endocarditis. Data reported as number, median (range, 5th to 95th percentile), or number (%). Abbreviations:CIED-IE infective endocarditis associated with a cardiac implantable electronic device, HACEKHaemophilus species, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Cardiobacterium hominis, Eikenella corrodens, and Kingella kingae, HIV human immunodeficiency virus, IE infective endocarditis.
†NS, not significant (p > 0.05).
‡ IE episodes with vegetations of known size: 710 episodes (290 episodes with embolism and 420 episodes without embolism).
Bold numbers represent statistically significant differences.