. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Jul 17.

Published in final edited form as: Matern Child Health J. 2012 Dec;16(9):1913–1925. doi: 10.1007/s10995-011-0938-y

Table 2.

Demographic, socioeconomic, and health-related factors associated with anemia in mothers from urban slums and rural areas

Characteristic		URBAN					RURAL
		Mother anemic		Mother not anemic		P	Mother anemic		Mother not anemic		P
		N	% or Mean (SD)	N	% or Mean (SD)	P	N	% or Mean (SD)	N	% or Mean (SD)	P
Mother knows about anemia¹	Yes	730	34.3	1924	36.5	0.08	3235	35.7	10111	37.4	0.003
Mother knows about anemia¹	No	1397	65.7	3350	63.5	0.08	5831	64.3	16895	62.6	0.003
Maternal age, y	≤24	547	25.7	1401	26.6	0.005	2429	26.8	7954	29.5	<0.0001
	25–28	504	23.7	1345	25.5		2094	23.1	6649	24.6
	29–32	447	21.0	1182	22.4		1901	21.0	5912	21.9
	33+	629	29.6	1346	25.5		2636	29.1	6479	24.0
Maternal education, y	0	114	5.4	224	4.3	0.08	587	6.5	1263	4.7	<0.0001
	1–6	968	45.6	2320	44.1		4880	54.2	13880	51.7
	7–9	502	23.6	1282	24.4		1848	20.5	5926	22.1
	≥10	541	25.5	1431	27.2		1691	18.8	5787	21.5
Paternal education, y	0	52	2.5	91	1.8	0.01	425	5.0	930	3.6	<0.0001
	1–6	709	34.5	1781	34.6		4159	48.5	11883	46.3
	7–9	550	26.8	1260	24.5		1659	19.3	5198	20.2
	≥10	745	36.2	2018	39.2		2331	27.2	7679	29.9
Maternal body mass index (kg/m²)	18.5 to <25	1353	64.0	3206	61.5	<0.0001	6413	71.0	18289	68.1	<0.0001
	<18.5	309	14.6	576	11.0		1330	14.7	3145	11.7
	≥25 to <30	361	17.1	1163	22.3		1132	12.5	4579	17.1
	≥30	90	4.3	271	5.2		161	1.8	839	3.1
Number of children, 6–59 months of age	1	1750	82.3	4515	85.6	0.0008	7689	84.8	24002	88.9	<0.0001
	2	358	16.8	731	13.9		1323	14.6	2921	10.8
	3+	19	0.9	28	0.5		54	0.6	83	0.3
Age of youngest child, 6–59 months of age	6–11	439	20.6	926	17.6	0.004	1995	22.0	5048	18.7	<0.0001
	12–23	625	29.4	1694	32.1		2921	32.2	8452	31.3
	24–35	506	23.8	1281	24.3		2021	22.3	6681	24.7
	36–47	345	16.2	916	17.4		1363	15.0	4301	15.9
	48–59	212	10.0	457	8.7		765	8.4	2523	9.3
Sex of youngest child, 6–59 months of age	Male	1091	48.7	2771	47.5	0.33	4650	51.3	13987	51.8	0.41
Sex of youngest child, 6–59 months of age	Female	1036	51.3	2503	52.5	0.33	4416	48.7	13019	48.2	0.41
Child consumes fortified milk	Yes	923	46.9	2329	48.4	0.26	2807	31.0	9940	36.8	<0.0001
Child consumes fortified milk	No	1047	53.1	2486	51.6	0.26	6259	69.0	17065	63.2	<0.0001
Father is a smoker	Yes	1540	74.0	3723	71.5	0.03	6655	74.9	19484	73.6	0.01
Father is a smoker	No	540	26.0	1481	28.5	0.03	2225	25.1	7005	26.4	0.01
Household has improved latrine	Yes	1729	81.3	4434	84.2	0.003	4192	46.3	13686	50.7	<0.0001
Household has improved latrine	No	397	18.7	833	15.8	0.003	4871	53.7	13314	49.3	<0.0001
Mother took iron supplements in last pregnancy	Yes	468	84.6	1246	86.0	0.4	2355	82.2	6785	85.2	0.003
Mother took iron supplements in last pregnancy	No	85	15.4	202	14.0	0.4	508	17.8	1182	14.8	0.003
Weekly per capita expenditure	Grain source food	2125	.32 (.27)	5269	.33 (.29)	0.17	9057	0.38 (.38)	26963	0.38 (.39)	0.53
	Animal source food	2125	.35 (.30)	5269	.36 (.33)	0.17	9057	.26 (.28)	26967	.29 (.30)	<0.0001
	Plant source food	2125	.42 (.29)	5268	.47 (.33)	<0.0001	9054	.32 (.24)	26951	.36 (.26	<0.0001
Number of household members eating from same kitchen	2–4	1083	51.0	2316	44.0	<0.0001	5417	59.8	14227	52.8	<0.0001
Number of household members eating from same kitchen	>4	1042	49.0	2953	56.0	<0.0001	3639	40.2	12739	47.2	<0.0001
Weekly per capita household expenditure, quintile	1	258	12.1	490	9.3	<0.0001	1700	18.8	4036	15.0	<0.0001
	2	308	14.5	627	11.9		1683	18.6	4372	16.2
	3	375	17.6	877	16.6		1770	19.5	5134	19.0
	4	469	22.1	1268	24.1		1868	20.6	5976	22.2
	5	715	33.6	2007	38.1		2036	22.5	7449	27.6

Mother’s knowledge of anemia based upon the ability to name a symptom of anemia (pale face, weakness/fatigue, pale eyes, pale arm/nail, or headache) and a treatment of anemia (take iron tablet/capsule/vitamin, consume iron-fortified foods, or visit a doctor/midwife/other health worker).