. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Jul 17.

Published in final edited form as: Matern Child Health J. 2012 Dec;16(9):1913–1925. doi: 10.1007/s10995-011-0938-y

Table 3.

Demographic, socioeconomic, and health-related factors associated with anemia in children from urban slums and rural areas

Characteristic		URBAN					RURAL
		Child anemic		Child not anemic		P	Child anemic		Child not anemic		P
		N	% or Mean (SD)	N	% or Mean (SD)	P	N	% or Mean (SD)	N	% or Mean (SD)	P
Mother knows about anemia¹	Yes	1745	35.5	1088	36.5	0.35	7692	36.8	6264	37.0	0.69
Mother knows about anemia¹	No	3177	64.5	1894	63.5	0.35	12193	63.2	10652	63.0	0.69
Maternal age, y	≤24	1386	28.2	714	23.9	<0.0001	6518	31.2	4343	25.7	<0.0001
	25–28	1217	24.7	762	25.6		5084	24.4	4135	24.5
	29–32	1088	22.1	657	22.0		4432	21.2	3801	22.5
	33+	1231	25.0	849	28.5		4841	23.2	4627	27.4
Maternal education, y	0	224	4.6	132	4.4	<0.0001	1167	5.6	763	4.5	<0.0001
	1–6	2309	47.0	1219	41.0		11118	53.5	8463	50.3
	7–9	1191	24.3	722	24.3		4483	21.6	3669	21.8
	≥10	1186	24.1	902	30.3		4000	19.3	3921	23.3
Paternal education, y	0	108	2.2	45	1.5	<0.0001	870	4.4	535	3.3	<0.0001
	1–6	1752	36.6	918	31.6		9456	47.9	7290	45.1
	7–9	1180	24.6	734	25.2		3951	20.0	3235	20.0
	≥10	1752	36.6	1211	41.6		5466	27.7	5107	31.6
Maternal body mass index (kg/m²)	18.5 to <25	3099	63.6	1764	59.8	<0.0001	14378	69.1	11482	68.3	<0.0001
	<18.5	624	12.8	294	10.0		2864	13.8	1722	10.2
	≥25 to <30	931	19.1	713	24.2		3080	14.8	3027	18.0
	≥30	219	4.5	179	6.1		478	2.3	580	3.5
Number of children, 6–59 months of age	1	4056	82.4	2657	89.1	<0.0001	17834	85.4	15377	90.9	<0.0001
	2	831	16.9	313	10.5		2942	14.1	1503	8.9
	3+	35	0.7	12	0.4		109	0.5	36	0.2
Age of youngest child, 6–59 months of age	6–11	1057	21.5	343	11.5	<0.0001	5295	25.4	1845	10.9	<0.0001
	12–23	1716	34.9	748	25.1		7720	37.0	4079	24.1
	24–35	1149	23.3	782	26.2		4468	21.4	4762	28.2
	36–47	684	13.9	676	22.7		2315	11.1	3748	22.2
	48–59	316	6.4	433	14.5		1087	5.2	2479	14.7
Sex of youngest child, 6–59 months of age	Male	2630	53.4	1493	50.1	0.004	11326	45.8	8224	48.6	<0.0001
Sex of youngest child, 6–59 months of age	Female	2292	46.6	1489	49.9	0.004	9559	54.2	8692	51.4	<0.0001
Child consumes fortified milk	Yes	1989	43.9	1502	55.5	<0.0001	6479	31.0	7040	41.6	<0.0001
Child consumes fortified milk	No	2545	56.1	1206	44.5	<0.0001	14405	69.0	9876	58.4	<0.0001
Child received deworming	Yes	995	20.2	702	23.6	0.0004	3313	15.90	3451	20.4	<0.0001
Child received deworming	No	3925	79.8	2275	76.4	0.0004	3451	84.1	13433	79.6	<0.0001
Father is a smoker	Yes	3582	73.8	2060	70.4	0.001	15359	74.9	12027	72.5	<0.0001
Father is a smoker	No	1272	26.2	867	29.6	0.001	5135	25.1	4556	27.5	<0.0001
Household has improved latrine	Yes	4017	81.7	2561	85.9	<0.0001	9936	52.4	8761	51.8	<0.0001
Household has improved latrine	No	899	18.3	419	14.1	<0.0001	10944	47.6	8150	48.2	<0.0001
Weekly per capita expenditure	Grain source food	4916	0.33 (0.28)	2980	0.34 (0.31)	0.21	20856	0.38 (0.38)	16887	0.39 (0.40)	0.02
	Animal source food	4916	0.35 (0.32)	2980	0.37 (0.32)	0.004	20859	0.27 (0.29)	16892	0.29 (0.31)	<0.0001
	Plant source food	4916	0.44 (0.31)	2979	0.48 (0.33)	<0.0001	20850	0.34 (0.25)	16882	0.36 (0.27)	<0.0001
Number of household members eating from same kitchen	2–4	2287	46.5	1319	44.3	0.05	11521	55.2	9027	53.4	0.0005
Number of household members eating from same kitchen	>4	2629	53.5	1661	55.7	0.05	9335	44.8	7866	46.6	0.0005
Weekly per capita household expenditure, quintile	1	522	10.6	272	9.1	0.007	3687	17.7	2317	13.7	<0.0001
	2	654	13.3	350	11.7		3641	17.5	2678	15.6
	3	855	17.4	488	16.4		4046	19.4	3145	18.6
	4	1125	22.9	720	24.2		4389	21.0	3819	22.6
	5	1760	35.8	1150	38.6		5096	24.4	4933	29.2

Mother’s knowledge of anemia based upon the ability to name a symptom of anemia (pale face, weakness/fatigue, pale eyes, pale arm/nail, or headache) and a treatment of anemia (take iron tablet/capsule/vitamin, consume iron-fortified foods, or visit a doctor/midwife/other health worker).