Figure 5.

Hypothesized relationships between no stress (black line), low stress (gray line), and high stress (red line) on risk and latency of escalation. High stress relates to early onset and increased risk of (rapid) escalation to a substance use disorder (early onset and steeper risk-latency slope), whereas no stress relates to later onset and low risk to transition to problematic substance use or to a substance use disorder (later onset and shallow risk-latency slope). Effects of stress on risk and latency may follow those on level of sensitization of motivational systems and age of people (text in green).