Table 4.
Age-standardized characteristics and dietary consumptions by Western pattern score quintile groups (Q1-Q5 from low to high) in the Age-Related Eye Disease Study. Values are means (standard deviation) or proportions and are standardized to the age distribution of the study population.
| 'Q1' (n=817) | 'Q2' (n=818) | 'Q3' (n=818) | 'Q4' (n=818) | 'Q5' (n=817) | P value2 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age1 | 68.89 (4.85) | 68.65 (5.11) | 68.60 (5.07) | 68.64 (5.20) | 68.03 (5.16) | 0.0006 | |
| Male gender | 0.23 | 0.29 | 0.41 | 0.52 | 0.65 | <0.00013 | |
| College or higher | 0.67 | 0.67 | 0.66 | 0.64 | 0.61 | 0.033 | |
| White | 0.94 | 0.97 | 0.96 | 0.97 | 0.97 | 0.023 | |
| BMI (Kg/m2) | 26.36 (4.52) | 26.81 (4.70) | 27.33 (4.65) | 27.54 (4.66) | 28.27 (5.03) | <0.0001 | |
| Sunlight exposure (h/d) | 0.92 (1.00) | 1.03 (1.16) | 1.02 (1.16) | 1.05 (1.03) | 1.15 (1.15) | <0.0001 | |
| Ever smoke | 0.47 | 0.51 | 0.53 | 0.57 | 0.64 | <0.00013 | |
| Alcohol intake (g/d) | 3.47 (7.13) | 4.70 (11.57) | 6.58 (11.70) | 8.24 (13.00) | 9.04 (14.74) | <0.0001 | |
| Hypertension history | 0.38 | 0.37 | 0.39 | 0.39 | 0.35 | 0.303 | |
| Daily energy-adjusted nutrient intake | |||||||
| Vitamin C (mg) | 122.58 (52.82) | 108.52 (47.33) | 106.29 (49.75) | 101.46 (51.57) | 86.77 (53.82) | <0.0001 | |
| Vitamin E (µg) | 9.28 (4.46) | 9.47 (4.57) | 9.68 (4.91) | 10.04 (4.50) | 9.89 (5.36) | 0.04 | |
| Beta-carotene (mg) | 3090.33 (1995.89) | 2647.77 (1495.08) | 2565.71 (1475.25) | 2491.95 (1755.12) | 2111.81 (1531.48) | <0.0001 | |
| Zinc (mg) | 9.80 (3.75) | 9.45 (3.81) | 9.78 (4.57) | 9.83 (4.39) | 9.76 (5.33) | 0.91 | |
| Lutein plus zeaxanthin (µg) | 1921.76 (1155.21) | 1717.56 (1037.77) | 1668.17 (1059.23) | 1629.05 (1076.36) | 1404.34 (1002.04) | <0.0001 | |
| DHA (mg) | 0.05 (0.04) | 0.05 (0.03) | 0.05 (0.03) | 0.05 (0.03) | 0.05 (0.04) | 0.01 | |
| EPA (mg) | 0.04 (0.03) | 0.03 (0.03) | 0.03 (0.03) | 0.03 (0.03) | 0.03 (0.03) | <0.0001 | |
| Calorie intake (Kcal/d) | 988.66 (354.72) | 1192.50 (351.29) | 1413.49 (349.78) | 1686.49 (355.75) | 2198.26 (461.74) | <0.0001 | |
| Daily intake of food or food group (medium servings/d) | |||||||
| Red meats | 0.11 (0.10) | 0.22 (0.17) | 0.30 (0.19) | 0.42 (0.23) | 0.62 (0.35) | <0.0001 | |
| Processed meats | 0.05 (0.07) | 0.11 (0.11) | 0.19 (0.18) | 0.29 (0.24) | 0.54 (0.40) | <0.0001 | |
| Butter or margarine | 0.29 (0.33) | 0.59 (0.51) | 0.82 (0.66) | 1.11 (0.81) | 1.76 (1.15) | <0.0001 | |
| High-fat dairy products | 0.22 (0.27) | 0.44 (0.40) | 0.57 (0.50) | 0.75 (0.59) | 1.09 (0.73) | <0.0001 | |
| Gravies | 0.01 (0.02) | 0.03 (0.05) | 0.04 (0.07) | 0.08 (0.11) | 0.17 (0.20) | <0.0001 | |
| French fries | 0.01 (0.02) | 0.02 (0.04) | 0.04 (0.05) | 0.06 (0.09) | 0.13 (0.16) | <0.0001 | |
| Refined grains | 0.44 (0.43) | 0.61 (0.47) | 0.78 (0.58) | 0.93 (0.68) | 1.26 (0.84) | <0.0001 | |
| Eggs | 0.06 (0.09) | 0.08 (0.12) | 0.12 (0.14) | 0.17 (0.17) | 0.27 (0.28) | <0.0001 | |
| Sweets and desserts | 0.32 (0.39) | 0.50 (0.52) | 0.65 (0.62) | 0.85 (0.78) | 1.20 (1.01) | <0.0001 | |
| Potatoes | 0.21 (0.21) | 0.31 (0.26) | 0.36 (0.27) | 0.43 (0.30) | 0.53 (0.35) | <0.0001 | |
| High energy drinks | 0.16 (0.26) | 0.21 (0.32) | 0.27 (0.39) | 0.36 (0.45) | 0.52 (0.59) | <0.0001 | |
Abbreviation: BMI, body mass index; DHA, docosahexaenoic acid; EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid.
1
Value is not age adjusted.
2
P values are for tests of linear trend, otherwise indicated. Linear regression models were constructed by using continuous characteristics variables as independent variables and continuous Western pattern score as the dependent variable.
3
Chi-square tests compare the characteristic distributions among Western pattern score quintile groups.