Table 3.
Descriptive Data: Outcome Measure Means (SD)
| VR | Streetside | Video | Control | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||||||||||
| Pre IV | Post IV | FU | Pre IV | Post IV | FU | Pre IV | Post IV | FU | Pre IV | Post IV | FU | p1 | |
| Field | |||||||||||||
| Hits/Close Calls (count over 16 trials) | 9.8 (3.5) | 10.4 (4.6) | 9.7 (4.6) | 8.3 (3.3) | 8.9 (4.3) | 8.9 (4.1) | 9.0 (3.9) | 11.1 (3.5) | 10.1 (3.4) | 10.1 (4.1) | 10.8 (4.5) | 10.1 (3.9) | 0.78 |
| Attention to Traffic (looks/wait time) | 14.0 (11.8) | 11.4 (3.3) | 11.2 (4.3) | 12.3 (9.4) | 12.4 (4.9) | 11.7 (4.7) | 11.6 (6.7) | 13.2 (5.1) | 13.1 (9.2) | 14.8 (11.1) | 15.3 (11.1) | 12.3 (4.2) | 0.25 |
| Start Delay (seconds) | 1.5 (0.70) | 1.2 (0.59) | 1.5 (0.63) | 1.5 (0.66) | 2.1 (0.99) | 1.5 (0.62) | 1.6 (0.78) | 1.4 (0.74) | 1.5 (0.59) | 1.4 (0.59) | 1.2 (0.61) | 1.4 (0.67) | <0.001 |
| VR | |||||||||||||
| Hits/Close Calls (count over 30 trials) | 2.8 (1.6) | 2.7 (1.6) | 2.1 (1.4) | 2.6 (1.6) | 2.3 (1.2) | 1.7 (1.1) | 2.5 (1.7) | 2.6 (1.6) | 2.3 (1.5) | 2.6 (1.5) | 3.0 (1.6) | 2.6 (1.6) | 0.04 |
| Attention to Traffic (looks/wait time) | 27.1 (11.4) | 33.2 (10.6) | 35.2 (11.4) | 28.7 (9.7) | 27.8 (10.0) | 34.1 (9.2) | 30.2 (12.1) | 32.2 (11.6) | 32.3 (12.3) | 29.3 (10.7) | 29.7 (9.8) | 34.2 (10.0) | 0.02 |
| Start Delay (seconds) | 1.3 (0.44) | 1.1 (0.46) | 1.1 (0.43) | 1.2 (0.40) | 1.4 (0.45) | 1.1 (0.31) | 1.3 (0.57) | 1.2 (0.51) | 1.2 (0.38) | 1.4 (0.47) | 1.2 (0.43) | 1.2 (0.45) | <0.01 |
| Missed Opportunities (count over 30 trials) | 2.7 (4.2) | 1.2 (1.6) | 1.6 (1.9) | 1.8 (2.0) | 3.9 (4.6) | 2.3 (2.3) | 2.7 (4.3) | 2.1 (3.6) | 2.4 (5.5) | 2.2 (3.5) | 1.5 (3.0) | 1.3 (1.8) | <0.0001 |
1
P-value for interaction between time and condition in ANOVA model.
Note. IV = intervention; FU = follow-up. Hits/Close Calls are count. Attention to Traffic represents looks left and right divided by waiting time. Start Delay is seconds after safe gap appears before child enters roadway.