Table 1.
Summary of randomized controlled trials of stigma interventions included in the meta-analyses
| Effectiveness | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study | Country | Intervention | Delivery method | Control | Participants (N, group/recruitment) | ITT | Short-term | Follow-up |
| Personal/public stigma | ||||||||
| Depression | ||||||||
| Corrigan et al 27 | USA | Educ | Group | AC | 152, students/local community college | No | No | NA |
| Cont | Group | Yes | ||||||
| Prot | Group | No | ||||||
| Griffiths et al 17 | Australia | CBT | Online | AC | 525, general population/electoral roll | Yes | Yes | NA |
| Educ | Online | Yes | ||||||
| Jorm et al 38 | Australia | Educ | Materials | WLC | 262, general public/advertisement-MH services | Yes | Yes | Yes (6 mths) |
| Computer | Yes | |||||||
| Jorm et al 39 | Australia | Educ | Group | WLC | 327, teachers/school | Yes | 2/7* | 1/7* (6 mths) |
| Teaching | 1,633, students/school | NA | No* | |||||
| Kiropoulos et al 41 | Australia | Educ | Online | AC | 202, first generation Italian & Greek immigrants/advertising | No | Yes | Yes (1 wk) |
| Farrer et al 32 | Australia | Educ/CBTEduc/CBT+ Tel counsel | Online Online+telephone | No Int. | 155, general population/MH telephone counselling service | Yes | Yes No | No (12 mths)No |
| Gulliver et al 37 | Australia | Educ | Online | No Int. | 120, elite athletes/direct contact via professional group | Yes | Yes | No (3 mths) |
| Postnatal depression | ||||||||
| Dias-Vieira 50 | USA | Educ | Materials | AC | 507, students/university | No | Yes | NA |
| Anxiety | ||||||||
| Gulliver et al 37 | Australia | Educ | Online | No Int. | 120, elite athletes/direct contact via professional group | Yes | No | Yes (3 mths) |
| Schizophrenia/psychosis | ||||||||
| Corrigan et al 27 | USA | Educ | Group | AC | 152, students/local community college | No | No | NA |
| Cont | No | |||||||
| Prot | No | |||||||
| Penn et al 52 | USA | Cont | Video | No Int. | 158, students/university | No | 0/3* | NA |
| Corrigan et al 29 | USA | Educ | Group | No Int. | 103, students/local community college | No | 2/6 | NA |
| Jorm et al 38 | Australia | Educ | Materials | WLC | 262, general public/advertisement-MH services | Yes | Yes | No (6 mths) |
| Computer | Yes | Yes | ||||||
| Blair Irvine et al 23 | USA | Educ | Online | No Int. | 172, licensed health care staff/advertisement-MH services | Yes | 5/9 | 3/9 (8 wks) |
| “Mental illness”/“mental health problems”/psychological distress | ||||||||
| Sharp 47 | USA | Educ | Computer | AC | 181, students/university | No | 0/3 | No (4wks) |
| Group | 0/3 | |||||||
| Finkelstein et al 33 | Russia | Educ | Online | No Int. | 193, students/university | No | 2/2 | 2/2 (6 mths) |
| Materials | 2/2 | 2/2 | ||||||
| Brown et al 24 | USA | Cont | Video | No Int. | 143, students/university | No | Yes | Yes (1 wk) |
| HalSim | Audio | No | No | |||||
| Campbell et al 25 | UK | Educ + Cont | Group | No Int. | 112, school children/school | No | Yes* | No* (10 wks) |
| Substance abuse | ||||||||
| Corrigan et al 27 | USA | Educ | Group | AC | 152, students/local community college | No | Yes | NA |
| Cont | No | |||||||
| Prot | No | |||||||
| Social distance | ||||||||
| Depression | ||||||||
| Kitchener & Jorm 42 | Australia | Educ | Group | WLC | 301, government employees/direct contact via professional group | Yes | NA | Yes (5 mths) |
| Jorm et al 38 | Australia | Educ | Materials | WLC | 262, general public/advertisement-MH services | Yes | Yes | No (6 mths) |
| Computer | No | No | ||||||
| Schizophrenia/psychosis | ||||||||
| Penn et al 52 | USA | Cont | Video | No Int. | 158, students/university | No | No | NA |
| Kitchener & Jorm 42 | Australia | Educ | Group | WLC | 301, government employees/direct contact via professional group | Yes | NA | No (5 mths) |
| Jorm et al 38 | Australia | Educ | Materials | WLC | 262, general public/advertisement-MH services | Yes | No | No (6 mths) |
| Computer | Yes | Yes | ||||||
| Schizophrenia & depression (undifferentiated) | ||||||||
| Jorm et al 51 | Australia | Educ | Group | WLC | 753, rural population/advertising | Yes | NA | Yes (4 mths) |
| “Mental illness” | ||||||||
| Wood & Wahl 48 | USA | Educ + Cont | Group | AC | 114, students/university | Yes | Yes | NA |
| Finkelstein et al 33 | Russia | Educ | Online | No Int. | 193, students/university | No | Yes | Yes (6 mths) |
| Materials | Yes | Yes | ||||||
| Bayar et al 21 | Turkey | Educ | Online (e-mail) | No Int. | 205, mental health professionals (psychiatry residents and specialists)/e-mail network | No | Yes | NA |
| Brown et al 24 | USA | Cont | Video | No Int. | 143, students/university | No | Yes | Yes (1 wk) |
| HalSim | Audio | No | No | |||||
| Perceived stigma | ||||||||
| Depression | ||||||||
| Griffiths et al 17 | Australia | CBT | Online | AC | 525, general population/electoral roll | Yes | Negative | NA |
| Educ | Online | No | ||||||
| Jorm et al 38 | Australia | Educ | Materials | WLC | 262, general public/advertisement-MH services | Yes | No | No (6 mths) |
| Computer | No | No | ||||||
| Jorm et al 39 | Australia | Educ | Group | WLC | 327, high school teachers/school | Yes | 1/7* | 1/7* (6 mths) |
| Teaching | 1,633, students/school | NA | 1/7* | |||||
| Kiropoulos et al 41 | Australia | Educ | Online | AC | 202, first generation Italian & Greek immigrants/advertising | No | No | No (1 wk) |
| Psychotic disorders | ||||||||
| Fung et al 34,35 | Hong-Kong | Educ + CBT + MI + SST | Group | AC | 66, people with schizophrenia/MH service | Yes | No | NA |
| Jorm et al 38 | Australia | Educ | Materials | WLC | 262, general public/advertisement-MH services | Yes | No | No (6 mths) |
| Computer | No | No | ||||||
| “Mental illness” | ||||||||
| Aho-Mustonen et al 20 | Finland | Educ | Group | TAU | 39, people with schizophrenia in forensic hospital settings/MH service | Yes | No* | NA |
| Self/internalized stigma | ||||||||
| Psychotic disorders | ||||||||
| Fung et al 34,35 | Hong-Kong | Educ + CBT + MI + SST | Group | AC | 66, people with schizophrenia/MH service | Yes | 1/3 | NA |
| “Mental illness” | ||||||||
| Luoma et al 43 | USA | ACT + M | Group | TAU | 133, individuals in a residential addictions treatment program/substance use service | Yes | No | Yes (4 mths) |
| Yanos et al 49 | USA | Educ + Cont NE + CR | Group | TAU | 39, people with schizophrenia spectrum disorder and high internalized stigma/mental health and community services | Yes | No* | No* (3 mths) |
ITT – intention-to-treat analysis, ACT – acceptance commitment therapy, CBT – cognitive behavior therapy, Cont – contact, Counsel – counseling, CR – cognitive restructuring, Educ – education, HalSim – hallucination simulation, M – mindfulness, MI – motivational interviewing, NE – narrative enhancement, Prot – protest, SST – social skills training, Tel – telephone, AC – attention control, No Int. – no intervention, TAU – treatment as usual, WLC – waitlist control, MH – mental health, NA – not available, NR – not reported, x/y – x out of y scales or subscale items reported were significant
*
Effect size factored in baseline scores (in the absence of data suitable for computing a mean standardized difference at post-test)