Table 2.
Meta-analysis of studies comparing the effects of interventions on personal stigma
| N | d (95% CI) | Z | p | Q | p | I2 | Fail safe N | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All conditions | ||||||||
| All interventions | 19 | 0.28 (0.17-0.39) | 4.88 | <0.001 | 36.55 | 0.006 | 50.75 | 210 |
| excluding outlier | 18 | 0.22 (0.14-0.29) | 5.52 | <0.001 | 16.85 | 0.46 | 0.00 | 134 |
| Educational interventions | 17 | 0.30 (0.19-0.42) | 5.14 | <0.001 | 32.12 | 0.01 | 50.18 | 216 |
| excluding outlier | 16 | 0.23 (0.15-0.31) | 5.80 | <0.001 | 13.53 | 0.56 | 0.00 | 133 |
| Educational interventions with no adjunct | 15 | 0.29 (0.16-0.42) | 4.40 | <0.001 | 31.83 | 0.004 | 56.02 | 157 |
| excluding outlier | 14 | 0.21 (0.13-0.30) | 5.08 | <0.001 | 2.2 | 0.51 | 0.00 | 87 |
| Interventions with consumer contact | 5 | 0.47 (0.17-0.78) | 3.01 | 0.003 | 10.38 | 0.04 | 61.45 | 26 |
| with no adjunct | 3 | 0.41 (−0.15 to 0.98) | 1.44 | 0.15 | 9.34 | 0.009 | 78.58 | - |
| CBT interventions | 2 | 0.18 (−0.47 to 0.84) | 0.55 | 0.58 | 4.65 | 0.03 | 78.48 | - |
| with no adjunct | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Depression | ||||||||
| All interventions | 8 | 0.36 (0.10-0.60) | 2.81 | 0.005 | 23.76 | 0.001 | 70.54 | 47 |
| excluding outlier | 7 | 0.19 (0.06-0.33) | 2.81 | 0.005 | 5.31 | 0.50 | 0.00 | |
| Educational interventions | 8 | 0.36 (0.14-0.59) | 3.15 | 0.002 | 19.91 | 0.006 | 64.84 | 52 |
| excluding outlier | 7 | 0.22 (0.09-0.36) | 3.25 | 0.001 | 3.04 | 0.80 | 0.00 | 15 |
| Educational interventions with no adjunct | 7 | 0.34 (0.10-0.59) | 2.74 | 0.006 | 19.25 | 0.004 | 68.83 | 38 |
| Interventions with consumer contact | 0 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| CBT interventions | 2 | 0.18 (−0.47 to 0.84) | 0.55 | 0.58 | 4.65 | 0.03 | 78.48 | - |
| with no adjunct | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| Mental illness/distress | ||||||||
| All interventions | 6 | 0.30 (0.10-0.50) | 2.95 | 0.003 | 8.80 | 0.12 | 43.15 | 19 |
| Educational interventions | 5 | 0.34 (0.12-0.56) | 2.98 | 0.003 | 7.62 | 0.11 | 47.54 | 18 |
| with no adjunct | 3 | 0.22 (−0.04 to 0.47) | 1.67 | 0.094 | 3.30 | 0.19 | 39.19 | 1 |
| Interventions with consumer contact | 3 | 0.68 (0.40-0.95) | 4.84 | <0.001 | 2.64 | 0.27 | 24.32 | 22 |
| with no adjunct | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Schizophrenia/psychosis | ||||||||
| All interventions | 6 | 0.20 (0.06-0.34) | 2.81 | 0.005 | 3.22 | 0.67 | 0.00 | 7 |
| Educational interventions | 5 | 0.23 (0.08-0.37) | 2.97 | 0.003 | 1.03 | 0.91 | 0.00 | 7 |
| with no adjunct | 2 | 0.15 (−0.14 to 0.45) | 1.01 | 0.31 | 0.16 | 0.69 | 0.00 | - |
| Interventions with consumer contact | 2 | 0.14 (−0.18 to 0.45) | 0.84 | 0.40 | 0.70 | 0.40 | 0.00 | - |
Statistically significant data are highlighted in bold. The outlier is the study by Kiropoulos et al 41
CBT – cognitive behavior therapy