Table 3.
Meta-analyses of studies comparing the effects of interventions on perceived stigma and internalized stigma
| N | d (95% CI) | Z | p | Q | p | I2 | Fail safe N | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Perceived stigma | ||||||||
| All conditions | ||||||||
| All interventions | 6 | 0.03 (−0.19 to 0.25) | 0.29 | 0.77 | 9.92 | 0.078 | 49.60 | 0 |
| Educational interventions | 6 | 0.04 (−0.17 to 0.25) | 0.37 | 0.71 | 9.27 | 0.10 | 46.04 | 0 |
| with no adjunct | 5 | 0.04 (−0.20 to 0.29) | 0.34 | 0.34 | 9.25 | 0.06 | 56.77 | 0 |
| CBT interventions | 2 | −0.15 (−0.36 to 0.07) | −1.36 | 0.17 | 0.47 | 0.49 | 0.00 | - |
| Depression | ||||||||
| All interventions | 4 | 0.11 (−0.15 to 0.37) | 0.86 | 0.39 | 7.05 | 0.06 | 60.26 | 0 |
| Educational interventions | 4 | 0.12 (−0.12 to 0.36) | 0.96 | 0.34 | 6.75 | 0.08 | 55.58 | 0 |
| Mental illness | ||||||||
| All interventions | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Schizophrenia/psychosis | ||||||||
| All interventions | 2 | 0.21 (−0.10 to 0.52) | 1.35 | 0.18 | 1.18 | 0.28 | 15.35 | - |
| Internalized stigma | ||||||||
| All conditions | ||||||||
| All interventions | 3 | 0.16 (−0.41 to 0.73) | 0.57 | 0.57 | 7.69 | 0.02 | 74.00 | 0 |
CBT – cognitive behavior therapy