Table 4.

Multivariate ORs (95% CI) for Moderate to Severe Depression in US Adults Aged 70 Years or Older, NHANES 2005–2006 and 2009–2010

GBD Hearing Classification, dB HL	Sample No.	Depression, %	Mean PHQ-9 Score	OR (95% CI)a
				Crude	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3
All
BE PTA <20	299	4.7	2.2	1 [Ref]	1 [Ref]	1 [Ref]	1 [Ref]
20 ≤ BE PTA < 35	614	3.9	2.2	0.9 (0.6–1.4)	0.9 (0.6–1.5)	0.9 (0.6–1.5)	1.4 (0.6–2.9)
35 ≤ BE PTA < 50	412	5.8	2.6	1.3 (0.8–2.4)	1.5 (0.8–2.8)	1.5 (0.8–2.8)	2.1 (0.8–5.4)
BE PTA ≥50	210	2.8	1.9	0.6 (0.2–1.5)	0.8 (0.3–2.0)	0.7 (0.3–1.8)	1.1 (0.3–3.9)
Men
BE PTA <20	109	5.5	1.7	1 [Ref]	1 [Ref]	1 [Ref]	1 [Ref]
20 ≤ BE PTA < 35	295	4.0	1.8	1.0 (0.5–1.9)	1.0 (0.5–2.0)	1.1 (0.5–2.4)	2.0 (0.5–8.1)
35 ≤ BE PTA < 50	236	2.2	2.3	0.5 (0.2–1.1)	0.5 (0.2–1.2)	0.5 (0.2–1.2)	0.5 (0.1–2.8)
BE PTA ≥ 50	149	2.8	1.7	0.6 (0.2–1.8)	0.7 (0.2–2.1)	0.6 (0.2–1.8)	1.0 (0.1–9.3)
Women
BE PTA <20	190	4.4	2.4	1 [Ref]	1 [Ref]	1 [Ref]	1 [Ref]
20 ≤ BE PTA < 35	319	3.8	2.5	0.8 (0.4–1.7)	0.8 (0.4–1.7)	0.8 (0.4–1.6)	1.5 (0.6–3.5)
35 ≤ BE PTA < 50	176	9.3	3.0	2.2 (1.1–4.2)b	2.5 (1.2–5.1)b	2.6 (1.3–5.3)b	3.9 (1.3–11.3)b
BE PTA ≥ 50	61	2.9	2.4	0.5 (0.1–3.0)	0.8 (0.1–3.9)	0.7 (0.1–3.6)	0.9 (0.1–5.8)

Abbreviations: BE, better ear; GBD, Global Burden of Disease; HL, hearing level; NHANES, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; OR, odds ratio; PHQ-9,9-item Patient Health Questionnaire; PTA, pure-tune average of thresholds at frequency 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 KHz; Ref, reference.

^aModel 1 was controlled for age, sex, and race/ethnicity; model 2 was controlled for age, sex, race/ethnicity, marriage, living alone, educational level, income, and health insurance; and model 3 was controlled for age, sex, race/ethnicity, marriage, living alone, educational level, income, health insurance, body mass index, smoking, binge drinking, self-reported health, cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, sleep disorder, hearing aids, tinnitus, and trouble seeing.

^bP <.05.