TABLE 3—
Educational Gradients in Access to and Use of Health Care Among Adults: Douglas, AZ, 1998 and 2010
| < High School |
High School Graduate |
> High School |
|||||||
| Gradient | 1998, % (95% CI) | 2010, % (95% CI) | P | 1998, % (95% CI) | 2010, % (95% CI) | P | 1998, % (95% CI) | 2010, % (95% CI) | P |
| Health insurance | < .001 | < .001 | < .001 | ||||||
| None | 45.0 (39.9, 50.1) | 17.5 (13.2, 21.9) | 29.8 (23.9, 35.8) | 19.7 (14.0, 25.4) | 20.0 (14.9, 25.1) | 17.5 (12.4, 22.6) | |||
| Public | 34.8 (29.9, 39.6) | 71.9 (66.8, 76.9) | 22.4 (16.9, 27.8) | 51.1 (43.9, 58.2) | 19.6 (14.5, 24.7) | 34.6 (28.2, 40.9) | |||
| Private | 17.5 (13.6, 21.4) | 6.6 (3.8, 9.4) | 46.1 (39.6, 52.5) | 21.3 (15.4, 27.1) | 55.7 (49.4, 62.1) | 39.2 (32.7, 45.7) | |||
| Public and private | 2.7 (1.0, 4.3) | 4.0 (1.8, 6.2) | 1.8 (0.0, 3.5) | 8.0 (4.1, 11.9) | 4.7 (2.0, 7.4) | 8.8 (5.0, 12.5) | |||
| Usual source of care | < .001 | .037 | .034 | ||||||
| None | 8.6 (5.7, 11.4) | 2.7 (0.8, 4.5) | 7.9 (4.4, 11.4) | 2.7 (0.4, 5.0) | 5.9 (2.9, 9.0) | 5.1 (2.1, 8.0) | |||
| Private doctor | 32.9 (28.1, 37.7) | 24.2 (19.3, 29.0) | 26.3 (20.6, 32.0) | 26.2 (19.9, 32.5) | 26.3 (20.6, 31.9) | 33.0 (26.8, 39.3) | |||
| Public clinic | 51.1 (46.0, 56.1) | 71.5 (66.4, 76.6) | 61.8 (55.5, 68.2) | 70.1 (63.5, 76.6) | 58.5 (52.2, 64.8) | 58.7 (52.2, 65.3) | |||
| Emergency department | . . . | . . . | 0.4 (0.0, 1.3) | . . . | . . . | . . . | |||
| Multiple | 7.5 (4.8, 10.2) | 1.7 (0.2, 3.1) | 3.5 (1.1, 5.9) | 1.1 (0.0, 2.5) | 9.3 (5.6, 13.0) | 3.2 (0.9, 5.6) | |||
| Provider location | < .001 | .005 | .567 | ||||||
| United States | 66.1 (61.1, 71.1) | 88.4 (84.8, 92.1) | 82.9 (77.7, 88.0) | 92.3 (88.4, 96.2) | 86.5 (82.0, 91.0) | 84.5 (79.6, 89.5) | |||
| Mexico | 33.9 (28.9, 38.9) | 11.6 (7.9, 15.2) | 17.1 (12.0, 22.3) | 7.7 (3.8, 11.6) | 13.5 (9.0, 18.0) | 15.5 (10.5, 20.4) | |||
| Any health care visit, past year | 68.8 (64.1, 73.5) | 91.7 (88.5, 94.8) | < .001 | 72.4 (66.5, 78.2) | 82.4 (77.0, 87.9) | .015 | 80.5 (75.4, 85.6) | 89.9 (85.9, 93.9) | .005 |
| Emergency department visit, past 6 mo | 12.5 (9.2, 15.8) | 16.6 (12.4, 20.8) | .134 | 11.0 (6.9, 15.0) | 10.6 (6.2, 15.1) | .915 | 11.0 (7.0, 15.0) | 8.3 (4.6, 11.9) | .321 |
| Overnight hospital visit, past 6 mo | 11.4 (8.2, 14.7) | 11.9 (8.3, 15.6) | .845 | 8.8 (5.1, 12.5) | 3.7 (1.0, 6.4) | .038 | 8.1 (4.6, 11.6) | 5.0 (2.1, 8.0) | .194 |
| Delayed care, past year | 22.7 (18.4, 26.9) | 12.3 (8.5, 16.0) | < .001 | 15.8 (11.0, 20.5) | 12.9 (8.1, 17.7) | .407 | 17.4 (12.5, 22.2) | 12.9 (8.4, 17.4) | .186 |
| Hypertension screening, past year | 73.1 (68.6, 77.6) | 91.1 (87.8, 94.3) | < .001 | 76.3 (70.8, 81.9) | 81.4 (75.8, 87.0) | .21 | 80.9 (75.9, 86.0) | 88.5 (84.3, 92.8) | .025 |
| Diabetes screening, past year | 52.4 (47.3, 57.5) | 87.7 (84.0, 91.5) | < .001 | 48.2 (41.7, 54.8) | 76.1 (69.9, 82.2) | < .001 | 50.8 (44.5, 57.2) | 75.7 (70.0, 81.4) | < .001 |
Note. CI = confidence interval. Unless otherwise noted, P values are derived from χ2 statistics and refer to the null hypothesis that a given health care outcome is the same across years among participants with equal levels of education. P values for regular provider are derived from the Fisher exact test because of small cell size.