TABLE 2—
HIV/STI Service Uptake, Condom Use at Last Sex, HIV/STI Prevalence, and Exposure to Community Mobilization Activities: Pooled Data From 4 Districts, Karnataka, India; Integrated Behavioral-Biological Assessment Data 2011; and STI Data 2008
| Exposure |
Wald Test Crude OR (95% CI) |
Wald Test Adjusted ORa (95% CI) |
||||||
| Characteristic | No/Low (n = 149), % | Medium (n = 764), % | High (n = 1021), % | Wald Test P | No/Low vs Medium Exposure | No/Low vs High Exposure | No/Low vs Medium Exposure | No/Low vs High Exposure |
| Visited STI clinic past 6 mo | 29.9 | 84.2 | 90.9 | < .001 | 12.45*** (8.26, 18.79) | 23.27*** (14.92, 36.29) | 12.22*** (7.89, 18.94) | 24.53*** (15.33, 39.27) |
| Received “gray pack”b past 6 mo | 14.7 | 43.0 | 56.7 | < .001 | 4.37*** (2.70, 7.08) | 7.67*** (4.82, 12.21) | 4.17*** (2.55, 6.81) | 6.86*** (4.25, 11.10) |
| Ever taken an HIV test | 66.5 | 94.6 | 98.1 | < .001 | 8.82*** (5.52, 14.10) | 26.31*** (14.23, 48.65) | 8.15*** (4.78, 13.88) | 25.13*** (13.07, 48.34) |
| Condom use last sex act occasional clientsc (n = 1651) | 87.2 | 95.2 | 96.7 | <.001 | 2.91** (1.56, 5.11) | 4.28*** (2.22, 8.25) | 2.28* (1.11, 4.69) | 4.74*** (2.17, 10.37) |
| Condom use last sex act repeat clientsd (n = 1751) | 79.9 | 90.8 | 94.0 | < .001 | 2.47** (1.35, 4.53) | 3.95*** (2.13, 7.32) | 2.63** (1.40, 4.93) | 4.29*** (2.24, 8.20) |
| Condom use last sex act regular partner (n = 1322) | 27.6 | 29.3 | 48.0 | < .001 | 1.08 (0.66, 1.78) | 2.42** (1.46, 4.01) | 1.67 (0.87, 3.17) | 2.80** (1.43, 5.45) |
| HIV-1 infection | 9.5 | 10.9 | 10.9 | .87 | 1.17 (0.60, 2.27) | 1.18 (0.63, 2.20) | 1.26 (0.63, 2.52) | 1.07 (0.54, 2.14) |
| Reactive syphilis | 5.4 | 5.4 | 3.8 | .46 | 1.00 (0.36, 2.81) | 0.69 (0.24, 1.96) | 1.29 (0.47, 3.55) | 0.63 (0.22, 1.78) |
| High-titer syphilis | 2.4 | 2.3 | 1.2 | .34 | 0.98 (0.26, 3.69) | 0.50 (0.13, 1.98) | 1.24 (0.34, 4.55) | 0.42 (0.10, 1.72) |
| HSV-2e | 68.9 | 74.0 | 59.9 | .004 | 1.28 (0.70, 2.35) | 0.67 (0.37, 1.21) | 0.93 (0.44, 1.93) | 0.49 (0.23, 1.02) |
| Chlamydiaf | 14.0 | 6.3 | 3.9 | < .001 | 0.41*** (0.25, 0.67) | 0.25*** (0.15, 0.41) | 0.76 (0.45, 1.27) | 0.64 (0.37, 1.09) |
| Gonorrheaf | 6.6 | 3.2 | 1.2 | < .001 | 0.46 (0.21, 1.02) | 0.17*** (0.07, 0.40) | 0.95 (0.41, 2.22) | 0.39 (0.13, 1.19) |
| Chlamydia/gonorrheaf | 17.6 | 8.4 | 4.3 | < .001 | 0.43*** (0.27, 0.67) | 0.21*** (0.13, 0.34) | 0.78 (0.49, 1.25) | 0.53* (0.31, 0.87) |
Note. CI = confidence interval; HSV-2 = herpes simplex virus 2; OR = odds ratio; STI = sexually transmitted infection.
Adjusted for district, duration sex work, sex work typology, literacy, marital status, previously sold sex in Mumbai, and have repeat clients.
“Gray pack” consists of 1 g azithromycin and 400 mg cefixime for periodic presumptive treatment of gonorrhea and chlamydia.
Occasional client defined as “client who has come to you only once or a few times but you do not remember their face or do not know them.”
Repeat client defined as “client you recognize well, who has come to you repeatedly and you know them.”
HSV-2 data available for Belgaum and Bellary only (n = 803).
Chlamydia and gonorrhea data presented for 2008 as data not collected in 2011. Models adjusted for localite (born in district), additional source of income to sex work, regular partner, duration in sex work, sex work typology (where solicit clients), and district.
*P < .05; **P < .01; ***P < .001.