TABLE 2—
Estimates of the Disabling Impact of Chronic Diseases (Hazard), by Level of Education and Gender: Pooled From the Dutch Permanent Survey of Living Conditions, 2001–2007
| Disease/Condition | Tertiary, b (95% CI) | Upper Secondary, b (95% CI) | Lower Secondary, b (95% CI) | Elementary, b (95% CI) | P (Overall Difference) |
| Men | |||||
| DM | 0.00 (0.00, 0.00) | 0.05 (−0.01, 0.11) | 0.03 (−0.05, 0.10) | 0.07 (−0.03, 0.18) | .091 |
| Stroke | 0.14 (0.02, 0.26) | 0.22 (0.10, 0.33) | 0.23 (0.08, 0.39) | 0.31 (0.13, 0.50) | .503 |
| Heart disease | 0.06 (0.00, 0.12) | 0.03 (−0.02, 0.07) | 0.15 (0.06, 0.23) | 0.12 (0.02, 0.22) | .086 |
| PVD | 0.08 (−0.04, 0.20) | 0.23 (0.08, 0.38) | 0.24 (0.06, 0.42) | 0.38 (0.18, 0.57) | .139 |
| Cancer | 0.01 (−0.05, 0.06) | 0.13 (0.04, 0.22) | 0.00 (0.00, 0.00) | 0.03 (−0.08, 0.14) | .011 |
| CNSLD | 0.12 (0.04, 0.19) | 0.07 (0.01, 0.13) | 0.14 (0.04, 0.24) | 0.16 (0.05, 0.28) | .473 |
| Back pain | 0.05 (−0.01, 0.11) | 0.20 (0.13, 0.27) | 0.24 (0.14, 0.34) | 0.41 (0.25, 0.56) | < .001 |
| Arthritis | 0.03 (-0.01, 0.08) | 0.13 (0.07, 0.18) | 0.04 (−0.02, 0.11) | 0.04 (−0.04, 0.12) | .064 |
| Neck/arm conditions | 0.02 (−0.02, 0.07) | 0.07 (0.02, 0.13) | 0.09 (0.01, 0.17) | 0.23 (0.11, 0.35) | .006 |
| Other | 0.05 (0.01, 0.08) | 0.06 (0.03, 0.10) | 0.06 (0.01, 0.11) | 0.18 (0.09, 0.28) | .085 |
| Women | |||||
| DM | 0.00 (0.00, 0.00) | 0.08 (−0.03, 0.19) | 0.17 (0.07, 0.28) | 0.14 (0.04, 0.25) | .198 |
| Stroke | 0.17 (−0.07, 0.40) | 0.30 (0.09, 0.51) | 0.14 (0.00, 0.28) | 0.29 (0.10, 0.48) | .688 |
| Heart disease | 0.30 (0.06, 0.54) | 0.22 (0.07, 0.37) | 0.18 (0.06, 0.30) | 0.22 (0.07, 0.36) | .859 |
| PVD | 0.19 (−0.06, 0.31) | 0.13 (0.19, 0.57) | 0.38 (0.19, 0.57) | 0.27 (0.06, 0.48) | .501 |
| Cancer | 0.02 (−0.04, 0.08) | 0.07 (0.00, 0.13) | 0.07 (0.00, 0.15) | 0.23 (0.10, 0.36) | .053 |
| CNSLD | 0.09 (0.02, 0.16) | 0.09 (0.02, 0.16) | 0.12 (0.04, 0.20) | 0.22 (0.09, 0.34) | .102 |
| Back pain | 0.15 (0.07, 0.24) | 0.25 (0.16, 0.33) | 0.36 (0.26, 0.47) | 0.49 (0.34, 0.63) | .002 |
| Arthritis | 0.07 (0.01, 0.12) | 0.16 (0.11, 0.21) | 0.16 (0.11, 0.21) | 0.25 (0.18, 0.33) | .003 |
| Neck/arm conditions | 0.10 (0.04, 0.16) | 0.11 (0.06, 0.16) | 0.18 (0.11, 0.24) | 0.09 (0.00, 0.18) | .444 |
| Other | 0.01 (−0.02, 0.03) | 0.03 (0.00, 0.05) | 0.06 (0.02, 0.09) | 0.14 (0.08, 0.21) | .001 |
Note. CI = confidence interval; CNSLD = chronic nonspecific lung disease; DM = diabetes mellitus; PVD = peripheral vascular disease. Regression coefficients representing the disabling impact (in “hazard”) were estimated using multivariable additive regression. Hazards can be transformed into probability using: probability = 1 − exp(−disease hazard). The sample size was n = 24 883.