Table 2. Results from the unconditional multivariate latent curve, autoregressive and autoregressive latent curve models.
| χ2 (df) | CM | Δχ2 (df) | AIC | TLI | RMSEA | SRMR | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BPD Symptoms (Child Report) and Harsh Punishment (Child Report) | ||||||||
|
| ||||||||
| 1. | LCM, full model | 74.07 (21)* | — | — | 42962.70 | 0.98 | 0.03 | 0.03 |
| 2. | Autoregressive, full model | 249.18 (12)* | — | — | 43155.81 | 0.82 | 0.10 | 0.08 |
| 3. | ALT, full model | 5.52 (5) | — | — | 42962.16 | 1 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
| 4. | ALT, nested LCM model | 48.12 (17) | 3 | 42.60 (12)* | 42944.75 | 0.98 | 0.03 | 0.03 |
| 5. | ALT + no slope variance on BPD | 12.74 (9) | 3 | 7.22 (4) | 42925.37 | 1 | 0.01 | 0.02 |
| 6. | ALT + no slope on BPD | 14.81 (11) | 5 | 2.07 (2) | 42923.45 | 1 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
| 7. | ALT-6 + no slope variance on HP-C | 37.75 (14)* | 6 | 22.94 (3)*a | 42940.38 | 0.99 | 0.03 | 0.05 |
| 8. | ALT-6 + no slope on HP-C | 39.59 (15)* | 6 | 24.78 (4)* | 42940.22 | 0.99 | 0.03 | 0.05 |
| 9. | ALT-7 + no time-specific uniqueness correlations | 50.72 (17)* | 7 | 12.97 (3)* | 42947.36 | 0.98 | 0.03 | 0.05 |
| 10. | ALT-7 + fixed time-specific uniqueness correlations | 41.79 (16)* | 7 | 4.04 (2) | 42940.42 | 0.99 | 0.03 | 0.05 |
| 11. | ALT-10 + fixed autoregressions for BPD | 41.98 (18)* | 10 | 0.19 (2) | 42936.61 | 0.99 | 0.03 | 0.05 |
| 12. | ALT-11 + fixed autoregressions for HP-C | 44.86 (20)* | 11 | 2.88 (2) | 42935.49 | 0.99 | 0.02 | 0.06 |
| 13. | ALT-12 + fixed HP-C → BPD regressions | 75.05 (22)* | 12 | 30.19 (2)* | 42961.68 | 0.98 | 0.03 | 0.06 |
| 14. | ALT-12 + fixed BPD → HP-C regressions | 47.26 (22)* | 12 | 2.40 (2) | 42933.9 | 0.99 | 0.02 | 0.06 |
|
| ||||||||
| BPD Symptoms (Child Report) and Harsh Punishment (Parent Report) | ||||||||
|
| ||||||||
| 1. | LCM, full model | 66.25 (21)* | — | — | 41739.19 | 0.98 | 0.03 | 0.03 |
| 2. | Autoregressive, full model | 301.88 (12)* | — | — | 41992.81 | 0.87 | 0.9 | 0.1 |
| 3. | ALT, full model | 7.97 (5) | — | — | 41712.91 | 1 | 0.02 | 0.03 |
| 4. | ALT, nested LCM model | 56.72 (17)* | 3 | 48.75 (12)* | 41737.66 | 0.98 | 0.03 | 0.03 |
| 5. | ALT + no slope variance on BPD | 9.68 (9) | 3 | 1.71 (4) | 41706.62 | 1 | 0.01 | 0.02 |
| 6. | ALT + no slope on BPD | 15.73 (11) | 5 | 6.05 (2) | 41708.67 | 1 | 0.01 | 0.03 |
| 7. | ALT-6 + no slope variance on HP-P | 23.44 (14) | 6 | 7.71 (3) | 41710.38 | 1 | 0.02 | 0.04 |
| 8. | ALT-6 + no slope on HP-P | 37.37 (15)* | 6 | 21.64 (4)* | 41722.31 | 0.99 | 0.03 | 0.03 |
| 9. | ALT-7 + no time-specific uniqueness correlations | 26.58 (16) | 7 | 3.14 (3) | 41707.51 | 0.99 | 0.02 | 0.03 |
| 10. | ALT-7 + fixed autoregressions for BPD | 28.67 (19) | 7 | 5.23 (5) | 41705.60 | 0.99 | 0.02 | 0.03 |
| 11. | ALT-10 + fixed autoregressions for HP-P | 31.07 (21) | 9 | 2.40 (2) | 41704.00 | 1 | 0.02 | 0.04 |
| 12. | ALT-10 + fixed HP-P → BPD regressions | 56.66 (23)* | 10 | 25.59 (2)* | 41722.60 | 0.99 | 0.03 | 0.04 |
| 13. | ALT-10 + fixed BPD → HP-P regressions | 33.00 (23) | 11 | 1.93 (2) | 41701.94 | 1.00 | 0.01 | 0.04 |
|
| ||||||||
| BPD Symptoms (Child Report) and Low Warmth (Parent Report) | ||||||||
|
| ||||||||
| 1. | LCM, full model | 64.20 (21)* | — | — | 42639.51 | 0.99 | 0.03 | 0.03 |
| 2. | Autoregressive, full model | 280.65 (12)* | — | — | 23631.56 | 0.85 | 0.1 | 0.08 |
| 3. | ALT, full model | 4.42 (5) | — | — | 42611.74 | 1 | 0 | 0.02 |
| 4. | ALT, nested LCM model | 54.29 (17)* | 3 | 49.87 (12)* | 42637.61 | 0.98 | 0.03 | 0.03 |
| 5. | ALT + no slope variance on BPD | 8.01 (9) | 3 | 3.59 (4) | 42607.00 | 1 | 0 | 0.02 |
| 6. | ALT + no slope on BPD | 9.98 (11) | 5 | 1.97 (2) | 42605.29 | 1 | 0 | 0.02 |
| 7. | ALT-6 + no slope variance on LW | 14.01 (14) | 6 | 4.03 (3) | 42603.33 | 1 | 0 | 0.03 |
| 8. | ALT-6 + no slope on LW | 45.86 (15)* | 6 | 31.85 (4)* | 42633.18 | 0.99 | 0.03 | 0.04 |
| 9. | ALT-7 + no time-specific uniqueness correlations | 52.41 (18)* | 7 | 38.40 (2)* | 42633.73 | 0.99 | 0.03 | 0.04 |
| 10. | ALT-7 + fixed time-specific uniqueness correlations | 50.45 (17)* | 7 | 36.44 (2)* | 42979.20 | 0.99 | 0.03 | 0.04 |
| 11. | ALT-7 + fixed autoregressions for BPD | 46.42 (17)* | 7 | 32.41 (2)* | 42629.73 | 0.99 | 0.03 | 0.04 |
| 12. | ALT-7 + fixed autoregressions for LW | 47.28 (17)* | 7 | 33.27 (2)* | 42630.59 | 0.99 | 0.03 | 0.04 |
| 13. | ALT-7 + fixed LW → BPD regressions | 51.52 (17)* | 7 | 37.51 (2)* | 42634.84 | 0.99 | 0.03 | 0.05 |
| 14. | ALT-7 + fixed BPD → LW regressions | 55.32 (17)* | 7 | 41.31 (2)* | 42638.64 | 0.98 | 0.03 | 0.05 |
Note: The bold type indicates the final model. BPD, borderline personality disorder symptoms; HP-C, harsh punishment, child report; HP-P, harsh punishment, parent report; LW, low warmth; χ2, chi-square test of model fit; df, degrees of freedom; Δχ2, chi-square difference test; CM, comparison model in the Δχ2; AIC, Akaike information criterion; TLI, Tucker-Lewis index; RMSEA, root mean square error of approximation; SRMR, standardized root mean square residual.
a
Estimation problem (negative variance) occurred in the previous model, so this model was retained.
*
p ≤ .01