Table 1.
Studies With Randomized Controlled Trial Designs.
| Study | Baseline Sample Characteristics |
Intervention Description | Behaviors Targeted |
Intervention Duration/ Follow-up |
Theoretical Framework |
Physical Activity Measure(s) |
Major Findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bennett et al, 201110 | N = 145 worksite managers; mean age 41.5; 64% female; 82% White; 25% attrition | Two-arm trial evaluating the ExecuPrev Website; Groups: (a) access to ExecuPrev Website that consisted of self-monitoring tools and interactive learning modules, (b) no contact control | PA; nutrition; weight loss | 6 months; no delay between intervention and outcome measurements | NR | GLTEQ | No significant increase in PA for either group |
| Bosak et al, 201011,12 | N = 22 adults with metabolic syndrome; mean age 50.7 years; 27% female; 91% White; 14% attrition | Two-arm trial evaluating a Web-based PA intervention; Groups: (a) access to study Website that consisted of goal-setting tools, applications to increase self-efficacy, email feedback from staff, (b) usual care group that received standard feedback from a physician following baseline assessment | PA | 6 weeks; no delay between intervention and outcome measurements | SE | 7-Day PAR; accelerometers | No increase in PA for either group |
| Carr et al, 2008, 200913,14 | N = 32 adults; mean age: intervention group 41.4 years; 49.4 for control; Percent male/female not described; race NR; 52% attrition | Two-arm trial evaluating the Active Living Everyday Website; Groups: (a) access to the Active Living Everyday Website that consisted of self-paced modules to increase PA, (b) wait-list control | PA; reduction of cardiovascular risk | 16 weeks; outcome measurements assessed immediately following intervention and 8 months postintervention | SCT; TTM | Pedometers | Web-based group significantly increased steps/day at the end of 16 weeks, no change for control group; at 8 month follow-up intervention group regressed back to baseline step levels |
| Dunton and Robertson, 200815 | N = 156 adult females; mean age 42.8 years; 100% female; 65% White; 16% attrition | Two-arm trial evaluating a Web-based PA intervention; Groups: (a) access to Website that consisted of interactive Web-pages and individually tailored feedback to promote PA, also received weekly emails to promote PA, (b) wait-list control | PA | 3 months; no delay between intervention and outcome measurements | HBM; TTM | Standardized activity inventory format | Intervention group significantly increased PA in comparison to the control group |
| Franko et al, 200816 | N = 476 college students from 6 universities; mean age 20.1 years; 56.3% female; 58% White; 11% attrition | Three-arm trial evaluating the My Student Body Website; Groups: (a) access to My Student Body Website that consisted of learning modules and individualized feedback (2 required Website visits), (b) access to My Student Body Website (3 required visits), and (c) attention control that accessed an anatomy Website | PA; nutrition | 6 months; outcome measurements assessed immediately following intervention and at 3 and 6 months postintervention | NR | IPAQ | No improvement in PA for any group |
| Glasgow et al, 200317 | N = 320 type 2 diabetes patients; mean age 59 years; percent male/female not described; race NR; 18% attrition | Three-arm trial evaluating the D-Net Diabetes Program; Groups: (a) access to a Website that consisted of tailored self-management training and twice per week online coaching with study staff, (b) access to same Website as group plus additional peer support to message board forums, (c) information only Website with links to generic articles on diabetes (control) | Nutrition; blood profiles; PA | 10 months; no delay between intervention and outcome measurements | SE; Social Support Theory | PA Scale for the Elderly | No improvement in PA for any group |
| Glasgow et al, 2010, 201218,19 | N = 463 type 2 diabetes patients; mean age 58.4 years; 49.8% female; 72% White; 19% attrition | Three-arm trial evaluating the My Path to Health Website; Groups: (a) access to the My Path to Health Life Website that consisted of educational information, goal-setting, and self-monitoring tools, (b) access to the My Path to Health Life Website plus a single in-person group support session, (c) access to usual care Website that consisted of health risk appraisal (information only) | PA; eating behaviors; biological outcomes | 4 months initially reported; 12 months reported in subsequent publication; no delay between intervention and outcome measurements | Social Ecological Theory; Self-Management Model | Community Health Activities Model Program for Seniors Questionnaire (CHAMPS) | 4 month assessment: Both intervention groups significantly increased PA compared to baseline (no difference between intervention groups); 12 month assessment: authors reported combined results for both intervention groups, the combined groups significantly increased PA from baseline in comparison to the control group |
| Gow et al, 201020 | N = 170 first year college students; mean age NR; 73.7% female; 54% White (22% Black); 26% attrition | Four-arm trial evaluating varying Web-based and email-based intervention strategies; Groups: (a) access to Website that consisted of weekly modules targeting PA and weight loss/weight gain prevention, (b) received 6-weekly weight and caloric feedback emails based on weekly weights sent to research team, (c) access to the Website and received email feedback, (d) no contact control | PA; prevention of weight gain | 6 weeks; outcome measurements assessed immediately following intervention and at 3 months postintervention | SCT | IPAQ–Short Form | No significant increase in PA for any study group |
| Grim et al, 201121 | N = 233 college students; mean age 21.2 years; 82% female; 82% White; 28% attrition | Three-arm trial evaluating a Web-based versus an in-person PA intervention; Groups: (a) access to Web-based course that consisted of Web-based lectures and content to increase PA, (b) in-person class to increase PA, (c) attention control (in-person health class) | PA | 10 weeks (college semester); no delay between intervention and outcome measurements | SCT | 7-Day PAR | Both the Web-based and in-person PA classes significantly increased PA; no change in PA for control group |
| Hager et al, 200222 | N = 525 university employees; mean age 42 years; 56% female; 94% White; 23% attrition | Three-arm trial evaluating email messages to promote PA; Groups: (a) received tailored stage-based email messages, (b) received standard email messages based on action and maintenance stages (action message group), (c) attention control received emails regarding nutrition | PA | 6 weeks; no delay between intervention and outcome measurements | TTM | 7-Day PAR; questionnaire adapted from Health Insurance Plan of New York Questionnaire | Both staged and action-message groups significantly increased PA |
| Harvey-Berino et al, 200223 | N = 46 overweight healthy adults; mean age 46.3 years; 80% female; predominately White; 10% attrition | Three-arm trial evaluating varying support strategies to promote weight loss/maintenance following a 15-week behavioral weight control intervention; Groups: (a) Internet support that consisted of biweekly emails and online chat sessions with therapist, (b) in-person support that consisted of biweekly meetings with study staff, (c) no contact control | Weight loss maintenance; PA | 22 weeks; no delay between intervention and outcome measurements | NR | Paffenbarger PA Questionnaire | No increase in physical activity for any group |
| Huang et al, 200924 | N = 130 Taiwanese female freshman; mean age NR; 100% female; 7% attrition | Three-arm trial evaluating a theoretically based Website and a non–theoretically based Website; Groups: (a) access to interactive Website that consisted of individually tailored stage-matched messages and exercise demonstration videos, (b) access to Website (same as group “a” but messages were not stage-matched, (c) in-class lecture group (control) | PA | 2 months; no delay and 5-month delay between intervention and outcome measurements | TTM | NR | Both Website groups significantly increased PA at the end of the intervention period; at 5-month postintervention assessment, participants in both Web-based groups regressed back to baseline PA levels |
| Hurling et al, 200725 | N = 77 healthy British adults; mean age 40.4 years; 66% female; 99% White; 0% attrition | Two-arm trial evaluating a Web-based physical activity intervention; Groups: (a) access to interactive Website that consisted of goal-setting and self-monitoring applications, mobile phone messages, and email feedback, (b) no contact control | PA | 9 weeks; no delay and 5-month delay between intervention and outcome measurements | NR | IPAQ; Actiwatches (accelerometer-based watches developed for the study) | Intervention group significantly increased moderate intensity PA; no change for control group |
| Irvine et al, 201126 | N = 221 manufacturing plant employees; mean age 45 years; 42.2% female; 79% White; 7% attrition | Two-arm trial evaluating the Get Moving Website; Groups: (a) access to the Get Moving Website that consisted interactive applications and goal-setting activities, (b) no contact control | PA | 1 month; no delay between intervention and outcome measurements | NR | Single item: “On a typical day, how many minutes do you spend in PA?” | Intervention group significantly increased PA in comparison to the control |
| Kelders et al, 2010, 201127,28 | N = 269 Dutch adults; mean age 41.5 years; 66% female; race NR; 47% attrition | Two-arm trial evaluating the Healthy Weight Assist Website; Groups: (a) access to the Healthy Weight Assist Website that consisted of individually tailored feedback and goal setting, (b) wait-list control | PA; dietary habits | 12 weeks; no delay between intervention and outcome measurements | NR | Dutch Standard for Healthy PA | No improvement in PA for either group at either follow-up assessment |
| Kim and Kang, 200629 | N = 73 South Korean adults with type 2 diabetes; mean age 55.1 years; 46.6% females; attrition NR | Three-arm trial comparing 2 intervention delivery methods; Groups: (a) access to Website that delivered interactive stage-matched messages to promote PA, (b) printed intervention material (same information as group a), (c) usual care control | PA; glycemic control | 12 weeks; no delay between intervention and outcome measurements | TTM | 7-Day PAR | Significant increase in PA among Web-based and print-based intervention groups, no change in PA for usual care group |
| Kim et al, 201230 | N = 49 postpartum females diagnosed with gestational diabetes; mean age 35.7 years, 71% White; 14% attrition | Two-arm trial evaluating a Web-based PA intervention; Groups: (a) access to Website that consisted of educational materials, self-monitoring tools, and step count goal setting, (b) no contact control | PA | 13 weeks; no delay between intervention and outcome measurements | NR | Self-reported pedometer steps per day | No improvement in PA for either group |
| Kosma et al, 200531 | N = 75 individuals with disabilities; mean age NR; 72% female; 89% White; 50% attrition | Two-arm trial evaluating Web-based PA intervention; Groups: (a) access to Website that consisted of educational modules to promote PA, (b) attention control group that received weekly “thought of the week” messages | PA | 1 month; no delay between intervention and outcome measurements | TTM | 13-item PA Scale for Individuals with Disabilities | No change in PA for any either group |
| LaChausse, 201232 | N = 320 college students; mean age 24.6 years; 73% female; 21% White (44% Hispanic); 3% attrition | Three-arm trial evaluating the My Student Body Website; Groups: (a) access to My Student Body Website that consisted learning modules and individualized feedback, (b) on-campus PA course, (c) no contact control | PA; weight loss | 12 weeks; no delay between intervention and outcome measurement | NR | Youth Risk Behavior Survey | No improvement in PA for any group |
| Liebreich et al, 200933 | N = 49 Canadian adults diagnosed with type 2 diabetes; mean age approximately 54 years; 59% female; race NR; 10% attrition | Two-arm trial evaluating the Diabetes NetPLAY Website; Groups: (a) access to the Diabetes NetPLAY Website that consisted of educational materials, message boards, self-monitoring tools, weekly email counseling, (b) control group received links to the Canadian Diabetes Association’s Clinical Practice Guidelines | PA | 12 weeks; no delay between intervention and outcome measurements | SCT | GLTEQ | Intervention group significantly increased PA compared to the control |
| Lorig et al, 200634 | N = 958 adults diagnosed with heart disease, chronic lung disease, or type 2 diabetes; mean age 57.5 years; 71.4% female; 88% White; 19% attrition | Two-arm trial evaluating a Web-based behavior change intervention; Groups: (a) access to a Website that consisted of interactive education materials and discussion groups, participants also received a reference book, (b) usual care control group | PA; chronic disease management | 6 weeks; outcome measurements performed at 6 and 12 months after baseline | SE | Instruments developed and validated by the Stanford patient Education Research Center | Intervention group had significant improvement in stretching and strengthening exercise at 12-month evaluation in comparison to control group; No improvement in aerobic PA for either group |
| Lorig et al, 200835 | N = 855 adults diagnosed with arthritis or fibromyalgia; mean age 52.5 years; 90.2% female; 90.5% White; 24% attrition | Two-arm trial evaluating a Web-based self-management intervention; Groups: (a) access to a Website that consisted of message boards, interactive lessons on PA, and self-assessments, (b) usual care control | PA; arthritis self-management | 6 weeks; outcome measurements performed at 6 months postintervention | SE | Instruments developed and validated by the Stanford patient Education Research Center | No improvement in PA for either group |
| Lorig et al, 201036 | N = 761 adults; mean age 54.3 years; 73% female; 76% White; 15% attrition | Three-arm trial evaluating a Web-based intervention versus a Web-based plus email delivered intervention; Groups: (a) access to Website that consisted of interactive Web-pages, self-monitoring tools, discussion boards, links to other Websites, (b) Web-based intervention (same as group a) with email reinforcement, (c) usual care control | PA; diabetes self-management | 6 weeks; outcome measurements performed at 6 months postintervention | SE | Instruments developed and validated by the Stanford patient Education Research Center | No improvement in PA for any group |
| Magoc et al, 201137 | N = 104 college students; mean age 25.5 years; percent female NR; 78% Hispanic; 11% attrition | Two-arm trial evaluating a Web-based PA intervention; Groups: (a) access to Website that consisted of educational modules to increase PA and goal-setting/self-monitoring applications (delivered via WebCt), (b) contact control that received a 1-time 15-minute presentation and printed tip sheet on PA | PA | 6 weeks; no delay between intervention and outcome measurements | SCT | IPAQ | Intervention group significantly increased PA; no change in PA for control group |
| Mailey et al, 201038 | N = 47 college students with mental disorders; mean age 25 years; 68.1% females; 68% White; 9% attrition | Two-arm trial evaluating a Web-based PA intervention; Groups: (a) access to Website that consisted of educational modules to increase PA and 2 in-person meetings with an activity counselor, (b) no contact control | PA | 10 weeks; no delay between intervention and outcome measurements | SCT | Accelerometers | Both groups significantly increased PA at follow-up; however, intervention group had a significantly greater PA increase than the control group |
| McConnon et al, 200739 | N = 221 obese British adults; mean age 45.8 years; 77% female; 95% White; 13% attrition | Two-arm trial of a Web-based PA/weight loss intervention; Groups: (a) access to Website that provided personalized advice, tools, and information to promote PA and weight loss, (b) usual care printed materials | PA; weight loss | 12 months; no delay between intervention and outcome measurements | NR | Baecke PA Questionnaire | No improvement in PA for either group |
| McKay et al, 200140 | N = 78 type 2 diabetes patients; mean age 52.3 years; 53% female; 82% White; 13% attrition | Two-arm trial evaluating a Web-based PA intervention; Groups: (a) access to study Website that consisted of tailored online personal coaching, applications to foster social support among participants, and self-monitoring tools, (b) information only control (provided with links to articles on diabetes) | PA | 8 weeks; no delay between intervention and outcome measurements | SEM | BRFSS Survey | Significant increase in PA for both groups |
| Morgan et al, 200941 | N = 65 overweight/obese male staff and students at an Australian university; mean age 35.9 years; race NR; 17% attrition | Two-arm trial evaluating the Shed It program; Groups: (a) access to the Shed It program that consisted of one face-to-face informational session, access to Calorie King Website, and personalized email feedback on progress from study staff, (b) control group that received the same one-time informational session | PA; weight loss | 3 months; outcome measurements assessed immediately following intervention and at 3 months postintervention | SCT | Pedometers | Both groups significantly increased PA from baseline at both follow-up assessment periods (no difference between groups) |
| Morgan et al, 201142 | N = 110 overweight/obese Australian male factory employees; mean age 44.4 years; 0% female; race NR; 27 % attrition | Two-arm trial evaluating the Workplace POWER program; Groups: (a) access to the Workplace POWER program that consisted of a single face-to-face group meeting, access to Calorie King Website, and individualized email feedback on progress from intervention team, (b) wait-list control | PA; weight loss | 3 months; no delay between intervention and outcome measurements | SCT | GLTEQ | Intervention group significantly increased PA in comparison to control group |
| Motl et al, 201143 | N = 54 adults diagnosed with multiple sclerosis; mean age 45.6 years; 90% female race NR; 11% attrition | Two-arm trial evaluating a Web-based PA intervention; Groups: (a) access to study Website consisting of 4 multimedia modules to increase PA, (b) wait-list control | PA | 12 weeks; no delay between intervention and outcome measurements | SCT | GLTEQ | Intervention group significantly increased PA, no change in PA for control group |
| Napolitano et al, 200344 | N = 65 sedentary hospital employees; mean age NR; 84% female; 91% White; 20% attrition | Two-arm trial evaluating a Web-based PA intervention; Groups: (a) access to Website that provided computer-tailored feedback to promote PA, also received weekly emails with tips to increase PA, (b) wait-list control | PA | 3 months; no delay between intervention and outcome measurements | SCT; TTM | BRFSS PA Scale | Intervention group significantly increased PA at 1 month in comparison to the control; at the end of the intervention there was no significant increase in PA for either group |
| Oenema et al, 200845 | N = 2159 Dutch adults over the age of 30; mean age 43.6 years; 54% female; race NR; 20% attrition | Two-arm trial evaluating a multiple behavior change Website; Groups: (a) access to Website that provided computer-generated individually tailored feedback, (b) wait-list control | PA; fat intake; smoking cessation | 1 month; no delay between intervention and outcome measurements | Precaution Adoption Process Model | IPAQ | No improvement in PA for either group |
| Ornes and Ransdell, 200746 | N = 112 female college students; mean age 20.2 years; 100% female; race NR; 7% attrition | Three-arm trial evaluating 2 pedometer-based interventions; Groups: (a) sealed pedometer control group, (b) unsealed pedometer control group, (c) Web-based pedometer intervention that consisted of educational modules on strategies to increase PA, self-monitoring/goal-setting applications, and personalized email feedback | PA | 4 weeks; no delay between intervention and outcome measurements | SCT | Pedometers | Web-based group significantly increased PA in comparison to both control groups |
| Parrott et al, 200947 | N = 170 sedentary college students; mean age 20.2 years; 38.2% female; 94% White; 0% attrition | Three-arm trial comparing persuasive messages delivered via email to promote PA; Groups: (a) positively framed emails to promote PA, (b) negatively framed emails to promote PA, (c) no contact control | PA | 2 weeks; no delay between intervention and outcome measurements | TPB | GLTEQ | Positively framed email group significantly improved PA in comparison to control |
| Patrick et al, 201148 | N = 441 overweight/obese male adults; mean age 43.9 years; 0% female; 71% White; 30% attrition | Two-arm trial evaluating a PA/weight loss Website; Groups: (a) access to study Website that consisted of weekly learning modules and individually tailored feedback, optional email access to study experts (eg, dietician, psychologist), (b) wait-list control | PA; weight loss | 12 months; no delay between intervention and outcome measurements | SCT | IPAQ | Intervention group significantly increased PA in comparison to control group |
| Plotnikoff et al, 200549 | N = 2121 worksite employees; mean age 45.0 years; 73% female; race NR; 18% attrition | Two-arm trial evaluating an email-based PA intervention; Groups: (a) received weekly emails promoting PA and nutrition, (b) wait-list control | PA; nutrition | 12 weeks; outcome measurements assessed immediately following intervention and at 3 months postintervention | SCT; TTM; TPB; PMT | GLTEQ | Baseline to month 3 outcomes: Intervention group increased PA; control group decreased PA; month 3 to month 6 outcomes: both groups significantly increased PA; baseline to month 6 outcomes: intervention group reported significantly greater PA than the control group |
| Reid et al, 201250 | N = 223 adults admitted to a Canadian hospital for acute coronary syndrome; mean age 56.4 years; 15.7% female; race NR; 31% attrition | Two-arm trial evaluating the CardioFit Website; Groups: (a) access to the CardioFit Website that consisted of learning tutorials to promote PA, participants were also provided with a computer-tailored PA plan and email contact with counselors, (b) usual care control (provided with an education booklet from physician) | PA | 6 months; outcome measurements assessed immediately following intervention and at 6 months postintervention | NR | Pedometers; GLTEQ | Intervention group significantly increased pedometer assessed and self-report PA when compared to the control group at both follow-up assessment periods |
| Skår et al, 201151 | N = 1273 students at a Scottish university; mean age 22.8 years; 63.4% female; race NR; 42% attrition | Three-arm trial evaluating 2 different planning strategies to promote PA; all participants completed an online questionnaire and then were asked to do one of the following: Groups: (a) developed plans on when and where they would perform PA (known as advance planning), (b) developed plans on how they would cope with barriers to PA (known as coping plans), (c) develop both action and coping plans, (d) no contact control | PA | 8 weeks; no delay between intervention and outcome measurements | TPB | Validated self-reported measure of PA, “How often have you participated in physical activities for at least 30 minutes per session in your free time?” Attendance at university sport facilities (secondary outcome measures) | No improvement in PA for any group |
| Slootmaker et al, 200952 | N = 102 Dutch office workers; mean age 31.8 years; 60% female; race NR; 22% attrition | Two-arm trial evaluating a Web-based PA intervention; Groups: (a) access to Website that consisted of individually tailored content on how to increase PA, (b) provided with generic PA print materials (control) | PA | 3 months; outcome measurements assessed immediately following intervention and at 5 and 8 months postintervention | NR | The Activity Questionnaire for Adolescents and Adults | No improvement in PA for either group |
| Smith et al, 200953 | N = 41 sedentary overweight adults; mean age 43.5 years; 80.5% female; race NR; attrition NR | Two-arm trial evaluating the Active Living Everyday Website; Groups: (a) access to the Active Living Everyday Website that consisted of self-paced modules to increase PA, (b) wait-list control | PA | 16 weeks; no delay between intervention and outcome measurements | TTM; SCT | 7-Day PAR; pedometers; supervised 1-mile walk test | Intervention group significantly increased moderate-intensity PA and steps per day; both groups improved fitness via walk test; control group decreased moderate-intensity PA |
| Spittaels et al, 200754 | N = 434 parents and staff at secondary schools in Belgium; mean age 41.4 years; 61.6% female; race NR; 35% attrition | Three-arm trial evaluating strategies to deliver a Web-based PA intervention; Groups: (a) access to a interactive computer Website that generated tailored individualized PA advice, (b) access to same Website as group a plus email reminders to logon to Website, (c) wait-list control | PA | 6 months; no delay between intervention and outcome measurements | TPB; TTM | IPAQ | Significant increase in PA for both Internet groups (no difference between groups) in comparison to the control group |
| Sternfeld et al, 200955 | N = 787 administrative office employees; mean age 44.0 years; 79% female; 38% White (55% reported as “mixed/unknown”); 30% attrition | Two-arm trial evaluating the Alive email program; Groups: (a) received individually tailored email messages (Alive program) to increase daily step counts, (b) no contact control | PA; diet | 16 weeks; outcome measurements assessed immediately following the intervention at 4 months postintervention | NR | Adapted questions from the Cross-Cultural Active Patterns Questionnaire | Intervention group significantly increased PA at 16 weeks and at a 4-month postintervention follow-up in comparison to control |
| van Wier et al, 200956 | N = 1386 Dutch worksite employees; mean age 43 years; 33% female; race NR; 43% attrition | Three-arm trial evaluating complementary support methods for Web-based PA/weight loss intervention; Groups: (a) access to Website that consisted of 10 educational modules that provided information on PA and nutrition plus telephone counseling, (b) access to Website (same as group a) plus email counseling, (c) usual care/control (lifestyle brochures) | PA; weight loss | 6 months; no delay between intervention and outcome measurements | NR | The Short Questionnaire to Access Health– Enhancing PA | Website plus phone group significantly increased PA; no change in PA for Website plus email or control groups |
| Wadsworth and Hallam, 201057 | N = 91 college females; mean age NR; 100% female; race NR; 11% attrition | Two-arm trial evaluating a Web-based PA promotion intervention; Groups: (a) received weekly emails designed to promote PA and included links to study Website; the content on study Website coincided with information included in emails, weekly email counseling, (b) no contact control | PA | 6 weeks; outcome measurements assessed immediately following intervention and at 6 months postintervention | SCT | IPAQ | Intervention group significantly increased in PA at 6 weeks in comparison to control; at 6-month follow-up, PA regressed back to baseline levels |
| Winett et al, 200758 | N = 1071 adults; mean age 53.0 years; 67% female; 23% Black (other races NR); 13% attrition | Two-arm trial evaluating the Guide to Health Trial; Groups: (a) access to Guide to Health Website that consisted of online educational modules and self-monitoring applications, (b) access to Guide to Health Website plus church support, (c) wait-list control | PA; weight loss | 7 months; outcome measurements assessed immediately following intervention and at 9 months postintervention | SCT | Pedometers | The Guide to Health plus church support group increased steps compared to the control group immediately following the intervention and at the 9-month postintervention follow-up. No differences were found between the control and Guide to Health–only group at either assessment period |
| Zutz et al, 200759 | N = 15 Canadian adults referred to cardiac rehabilitation programs; mean age 58.5 years; 20% female; race NR; 13% attrition | Two-arm trial evaluating a Web-based cardiac rehabilitation program; Groups: (a) access to a Web-based cardiac rehabilitation program that consisted of weekly educational materials delivered via slide presentations and one-on- one chat sessions with exercise specialist, dietician, and nurse, (b) no contact control | PA; cardiac risk factor management | 12 weeks; no delay between intervention and outcome measurements | NR | Minnesota Leisure Time PA Questionnaire; treadmill exercise stress test | Intervention group significantly improved self-reported PA and significantly improved exercise capacity (METs), as measured by the treadmill test; no change in study PA outcomes for the control group |
Abbreviations: PA, physical activity; NR, not reported; SCT, Social Cognitive Theory; TTM, Transtheoretical Model; TPB, Theory of Planned Behavior; HBM, Health Belief Model; 7-Day PAR, 7-Day Physical Activity Recall; IPAQ, International Physical Activity Questionnaire; BRFSS, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System; SE, Self-efficacy Theory; SEM, Social Ecological Model; PMT, Protection Motivation Theory; GLTEQ, Godin Leisure Time Exercise Questionnaire.