. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Jul 18.

Published in final edited form as: Am J Lifestyle Med. 2013 Aug 13;8(1):42–68. doi: 10.1177/1559827613498059

Table 3.

Studies With Single Group or Nonrandomized Designs.

Study	Baseline Sample Characteristics	Study Description	Behaviors Targeted	Intervention Duration/ Follow-up	Theoretical Framework	Physical Activity Measures	Major Findings
Cook et al, 2007⁸³	N = 480 worksite employees; mean age NR, 74% Female; 81% White; 13% attrition	Two-arm nonrandomized controlled trial evaluating a Web-based versus print-based behavior change intervention; Groups: (a) access to Website that consisted of interactive audio/video modules to promote behavior change, (b) received print materials to promote behavior change (same content as Web-based group)	PA, stress management, nutrition/weight management	3 months, no delay between intervention and outcome measurements	SCT, SE	GLTEQ	No improvement in PA for either group
Dlugonski et al, 2011⁸⁴	N = 21adults with multiple sclerosis; mean age 46.4 years; 90% female; 90% White; 10% attrition	One-group pre–post design; Participants received Website access, participated in online chat groups with other participants, and email support	PA	12 weeks; no delay between intervention and outcome measurements	SCT	Accelerometers; IPAQ, GLTEQ	Significant increase in PA at 12 weeks assessed by accelerometers and the IPAQ; No improvement in activity assessed by the GLTEQ
Faghri et al, 2008⁸⁵	N = 206 state worksite employees; mean age NR; 81.8% female; 59% White; 44% attrition	One-group pre–post design assessing the effects of a Website and email-based pedometer walking intervention	PA (steps per day)	10 weeks; no delay between intervention and outcome measurements	TTM	Pedometers, self-report PA with an unspecified measure	No improvement in steps per day
Lieber et al, 2012⁸⁶	N = 892; mean age NR, range from 18 to >75 years; 100% female; 85% White; attrition not applicable	One-group pre–post design assessing the American Heart Association’s Choose to Move Program that consisted of 12 online modules and quizzes designed to promote PA	PA	12 weeks; no delay between intervention and outcome measurements	TTM	Adapted questions from Nurses’ Health Study and Women’s Health Study	Significant increase in PA
Woolf et al, 2006⁸⁷	N = 271 adults, mean age NR, age range 18–60, mostly female, 51% attrition at 1 month after initial Website visit, 69% attrition at 4 months after Website visit	Two-arm nonrandomized controlled trial evaluating the My Healthy Living Website, a physician referral Website; Groups: (a) directed by physician to the My Healthy Living Website that consisted of a one-time assessment, individualized feedback on behavior change, and links to local and national organization Websites to promote behavior change, (b) no contact control	PA, diet, alcohol use, smoking	One-time Website visit; follow-up at 1 month and 4 months after initial visit	NR	Two items: (a) “In a typical week, how many days do you do light or moderate activities for at least 30 minutes that cause only light sweating or a slight to moderate increase in breathing or heart rate?” (b) “In a typical week, how many days do you do vigorous activities for at least 20 minutes that causes heavy sweating or large increases in breathing or heart rate?”	Significant increase in light/moderate PA at 1 month for intervention group; no improvement for either group at month 4

Abbreviations: PA, physical activity; NR, not reported; SCT, Social Cognitive Theory; TTM, Transtheoretical Model; SE, Self-efficacy Theory; IPAQ, International Physical Activity Questionnaire; GLTEQ, Godin Leisure Time Exercise Questionnaire.