. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Jul 18.

Published in final edited form as: Open J Mol Integr Physiol. 2013 Aug 28;3(3):134–145. doi: 10.4236/ojmip.2013.33019

Table 4.

Cumulative responses during exposure to Hypoxia-Hypercapnia in vehicle- or morphine-injected rats

	Response Areas during Hypoxia-Hypercapnia
Parameter	Vehicle	Morphine
Frequency (breaths/min) × min	+3,303 ± 363	+634 ± 98^*,†
Tidal Volume (mls) × min	+67 ± 10^*	+73 ± 9^*
Minute Volume (mls/min) × min	+21,346 ± 2,477^*	+9,644 ± 1,211^*,†
Inspiratory Time (sec) × min	−2.2 ± 0.02^*	−1.5 ± 0.03^*
Expiratory Time (sec) × min	−10.7 ± 1.3^*	+0.9 ± 0.5^†
End Inspiratory Pause (msec) × min	+12.0 ± 6	−290 ± 37^*,†
Peak Inspiratory Flow (mls/sec) × min	+791 ± 86^*	+492 ± 63^*,†
Peak Expiratory Flow (mls/sec) × min	+1168 ± 193^*	+595 ± 71^*,†

Data are presented as mean ± SEM. Response Area is the cumulative arithmetic change from pre-exposure values (i.e., post-vehicle or post-morphine) elicited by Hypoxia-Hypercapnia. There were 6 rats in each group.

P < 0.05, significant Response Area.

^†

P < 0.05, morphine versus vehicle.