Table 1.
Summary of studies published between 1999–2010 that assessed rotavirus seasonality globally
| Ref | Country | City | Study Dates | Age | Site | No. AGE | %RV | Peak RV month | GNI |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AFRICA | |||||||||
|
| |||||||||
| (41) | Egypt | Abu Homos | 05/2000–05/2002 | <5 | H | 714 | 10% | 11 | 2016 |
| (41) | Egypt | Benha | 05/2000–05/2002 | <5 | H | 561 | 23% | 11 | 2016 |
| (42) | Morocco | Tanger, Rabat, Oujda, Benimellal | 06/2006–07/2007 | <5 | H | 314 | 44% | 1 | 2696 |
| (43) | Nigeria | NW region | 07/2002–07/2004 | <5 | H | 869 | 18% | 11 | 1393 |
| (44) | Tunisia | Eastern-Center | 10/2003–09/2005 | <5 | B | 638 | 21% | 2 | 3680 |
| (28) | Kenya | Nairobi | 08/1991–07/1994 | <6 | H | 656 | 28% | 7 | 783 |
| (28) | Kenya | Kitui | 08/1991–07/1994 | <6 | H | 490 | 14% | 1 | 783 |
| (28) | Kenya | Nanyuki | 08/1991–07/1994 | <6 | H | 285 | 22% | 3 | 783 |
| (45) | Zambia | Lusaka | 01/1992–12/1992 | <5 | H | 1067 | 24% | 5 | 1053 |
| (46) | Botwsana | Gaborone | 03/2001–02/2002 | <5 | H | 346 | 9% | 8 | 5630 |
| (47) | Tunisia | Tunis | 01/2007–12/2007 | <5 | H | 117 | 26% | 7 | 3680 |
|
| |||||||||
| ASIA | |||||||||
|
| |||||||||
| (48) | Malaysia | Kuala Lumpur | 01/2001–04/2003 | <5 | H | 2668 | 47% | 2 | 7921 |
| (49) | Thailand | Country-wide | 07/2001–06/2003 | <5 | B | 1950 | 43% | 1 | 4046 |
| (50) | Saudi Arabia | Medina | 04/2004–04/2005 | <5 | B | 984 | 19% | 1 | 18718 |
| (51) | Indonesia | Palembang, Jakarta, Bandung, Yogyakarta, Denpasar, Mataram | 01/2006–12/2006 | <5 | B | 2416 | 59% | 7 | 2150 |
| (52) | Indonesia | Jakarta | 02/2004–02/2005 | <5 | O | 1660 | 45% | 3 | 2150 |
| (53) | Oman | Muscat, Salalah, Sohar, Rustaq, Nizwa, Ibra, Sur, Ibri | 07/2006–06/2008 | <5 | H | 3470 | 49% | 3 | 17884 |
| (54) | Phillipines | Muntinlupa City | 01/2005–12/2006 | <5 | B | 2946 | 21% | 1 | 2063 |
| (55) | Japan | Maizuru, Tokyo, Sapporo, Saga and Osaka | 07/2006–06/2007 | <10 | H | 628 | 20% | 7 | 39853 |
| (56) | China | Various cities throughout | 08/2003–07/2007 | <5 | H | 7846 | 48% | 1 | 3213 |
| (57) | Iran | Tabriz, Mashhad, Tehran, Shiraz, Bandar Abbas | 05/2006–04/2007 | <5 | H | 2198 | 59% | 1 | 4651 |
| (58) | Uzbekistan | Tashkent, Bukhara city | 01/2005–12/2006 | <5 | H | 3537 | 30% | 10 | 948 |
| (59) | South Korea | Gyeonggi | 01/2001–12/2005 | All ages | B | 10028 | 67% | 3 | 19422 |
| (23) | Georgia | Tbilisi | 01/2007–12/2007 | <5 | H | 703 | 40% | 1 | 2948 |
| (23) | Tajikstan | Dushanbe City | 01/2007–12/2007 | <5 | H | 702 | 38% | 11 | 468 |
| (60) | Mongolia | Ulaanbaatar city | 03/2005–02/2007 | <5 | H | 1152 | 40% | 9 | 2052 |
| (60) | Sri Lanka | Colombo | 03/2005–02/2007 | <5 | H | 1806 | 24% | 2 | 2007 |
| (61) | Nepal | Kathmandu | 11/2005–10/2007 | <5 | H | 1139 | 33% | 1 | 468 |
| (61) | Nepal | Kathmandu | 11/2005–10/2007 | <5 | H | 1139 | 33% | 1 | 468 |
| (62) | Turkey | Ankara, Istanbul, Izmir, and Adana | 06/2005–06/2006 | <5 | H | 338 | 53% | 2 | 10007 |
| (63) | India | Delhi | 12/2005–11/2007 | <5 | H | 633 | 37% | 12 | 1054 |
| (63) | India | Trichy | 12/2005–11/2007 | <5 | H | 406 | 53% | 9 | 1054 |
| (64) | Japan | Tsu City | 01/2003–12/2007 | <5 | H | 551 | 46% | 3 | 39853 |
| (64) | Japan | Ise City | 01/2003–12/2007 | <5 | H | 327 | 59% | 3 | 39853 |
| (65) | Bangladesh | Dhaka | 01/2001–05/2006 | <5 | H | 19039 | 24% | 2 | 533 |
| (66) | Pakistan | Karachi | 06/2005–05/2007 | <5 | O | 575 | 17% | 12 | 1031 |
| (24) | Kyrgyzstan | Bishkek | 01/2005–12/2007 | <5 | H | 1959 | 29% | 9 | 909 |
| (24) | Kyrgyzstan | Osh | 01/2005–12/2007 | <5 | H | 1797 | 22% | 9 | 909 |
| (67) | China | Changchun, Lulong, Lanzhou | 01/2006–12/2007 | <5 | H | 2328 | 52% | 12 | 3213 |
| (68) | Taiwan | Various | 01/2005–12/2007 | <5 | H | 3435 | 25% | 2 | 18000 |
| (69) | Vietnam | Haiphong | 09/2006–08/2007 | <5 | H | 978 | 52% | 1 | 1019 |
| (70) | Cambodia | Phnom Penh | 03/2005–02/2007 | <5 | H | 2817 | 45% | 12 | 660 |
| (71) | Laos | Vientiane | 03/2005–02/2007 | <5 | H | 1158 | 55% | 2 | 790 |
| (72) | Myanmar | Yangon | 01/2004–12/2005 | <5 | H | 2179 | 56% | 12 | 578 |
| (73) | Indonesia | Java | 08/2001–04/2004 | <3 | H | 1321 | 53% | 8 | 2150 |
| (74) | South Korea | Gyeonggi | 07/2001–06/2002 | <18 | H | 1031 | 27% | 4 | 19422 |
| (75) | Taiwan | Taipei | 01/2004–03/2005 | <14 | H | 201 | 26% | 4 | 18000 |
| (76) | Bangladesh | Dhaka | 01/1993–12/2004 | <5 | B | 18300 | 33% | 1 | 533 |
| (77) | China | Wuhan, Changling | 12/2000–4/2006* | All ages | B | 3174 | 16% | 11 | 3213 |
| (78) | Hong Kong | Hong Kong | 04/2001–3/2003 | <5 | H | 5881 | 30% | 1 | 32900 |
| (79) | Japan | Akita | 01/2001–12/2002 | <5 | H | 422 | 58% | 4 | 39853 |
| (80) | India | New Delhi | 08/2000–07/2001 | <5 | H | 584 | 23% | 12 | 1054 |
| (81) | Bangladesh | Dhaka | 02/1993–06/1994 | <5 | H | 814 | 20% | 1 | 533 |
| (82) | Turkey | Ankara | 03/1999–12/2002 | <16 | H | 1099 | 37% | 12 | 10007 |
| (83) | Saudi Arabia | Jeddah | 1/1992–12/1992 | <5 | H | 1031 | 43% | 11 | 18718 |
| (83) | Saudi Arabia | Al-taif | 07/1992–06/1993 | <5 | H | 354 | 42% | 8 | 18718 |
| (84) | Thailand | Chiang Mai | 01/1995–12/1996 | Pedi atric | H | 164 | 34% | 1 | 4046 |
| (85) | Pakistan | Karachi | 01/1990–12/1997 | <5 | H | 818 | 14% | 11 | 1031 |
| (86) | Vietnam | Hanoi | 07/1998–06/2000 | <5 | H | 1233 | 53% | 5 | 1019 |
| (86) | Vietnam | Hanoi | 07/1998–06/2000 | <5 | H | 390 | 47% | 2 | 1019 |
| (86) | Vietnam | Haiphong | 07/1998–06/2000 | <5 | H | 886 | 60% | 5 | 1019 |
| (86) | Vietnam | Nha Trang | 07/1998–06/2000 | <5 | H | 589 | 59% | 3 | 1019 |
| (86) | Vietnam | Ho Chi Minh City | 07/1998–06/2000 | <5 | H | 1724 | 57% | 1 | 1019 |
| (86) | Vietnam | Ho Chi Minh City | 07/1998–06/2000 | <5 | H | 946 | 58% | 2 | 1019 |
| (87) | South Korea | Jeongeub | 07/2002–06/2004 | <5 | H | 2232 | 21% | 2 | 19422 |
| (88) | China | Taiwan | 04/2001–03/2003 | <5 | H | 2600 | 43% | 2 | 3213 |
| (89) | China | MaAnShan | 08/2001–07/2003 | <5 | H | 158 | 28% | 4 | 3213 |
| (89) | China | Beijing | 08/2001–07/2003 | <5 | H | 70 | 36% | 9 | 3213 |
| (89) | China | Lulong | 08/2001–07/2003 | <5 | H | 667 | 45% | 5 | 3213 |
| (89) | China | Suzhou | 08/2001–07/2003 | <5 | H | 703 | 49% | 5 | 3213 |
| (89) | China | Changchun | 08/2001–07/2003 | <5 | H | 904 | 65% | 5 | 3213 |
| (89) | China | Kunming | 08/2001–07/2003 | <5 | H | 647 | 46% | 3 | 3213 |
| (90) | Myanmar | Yangon | 01/2002–12/2003 | <5 | H | 1736 | 53% | 10 | 578 |
| (91) | Vietnam | Hanoi | 07/2000–06/2003 | <5 | H | 1690 | 56% | 2 | 1019 |
| (91) | Vietnam | Haiphong | 07/2000–06/2003 | <5 | H | 1095 | 44% | 1 | 1019 |
| (91) | Vietnam | Khanh Hoa | 07/2000–06/2003 | <5 | H | 625 | 50% | 8 | 1019 |
| (91) | Vietnam | Ho Chi Minh City | 07/2000–06/2003 | <5 | H | 1508 | 59% | 2 | 1019 |
| (91) | Vietnam | Ho Chi Minh City | 07/2000–06/2003 | <5 | H | 891 | 62% | 2 | 1019 |
| (92) | Hong Kong | Hong Kong | 01/1987–12/1996 | <5 | H | 7822 | 28% | 12 | 32900 |
| (93) | Bangladesh | Dhaka | 01/1990–12/1993 | <5 | B | 7709 | 20% | 12 | 533 |
| (9) | China | Beijing, Changchun, Lulong, Kunming, Ma-An-Shan, Suzhou | 08/2001–07/2002 | <5 | H | 2079 | 44% | 1 | 3213 |
| (9) | Vietnam | Hanoi, Haiphong, Khan Hoa, Ho Chi | 08/2001–07/2002 | <5 | H | 1570 | 59% | 8 | 1019 |
| (9) | Taiwan | Minh City, Taipei | 08/2001–07/2002 | <5 | H | 1532 | 49% | 2 | 18000 |
| (9) | Thailand | Nongkhai, Maesod, Prapokklao, Ramathibodi, Hadyai, Srakaew | 08/2001–07/2002 | <5 | H | 992 | 44% | 1 | 4046 |
| (9) | Hong Kong | Hong Kong | 08/2001–07/2002 | <5 | H | 2986 | 28% | 5 | 32900 |
| (9) | Malaysia | Kuala Lumpur, Sarawak | 08/2001–07/2002 | <5 | H | 1374 | 57% | 1 | 7921 |
| (9) | Indonesia | Yogyakarta, Purworejo | 08/2001–07/2002 | <5 | H | 577 | 52% | 8 | 2150 |
| (94) | China | Lanzhou | 01/2001–12/2006 | <5 | H | 1019 | 52% | 10 | 3213 |
| (95) | Turkey | Izmir | 01/2000–01/2001 | <5 | H | 920 | 40% | 2 | 10007 |
| (96) | Taiwan | Taichung | 12/2004–06/2006 | <5 | H | 763 | 46% | 1 | 18000 |
| (97) | India | Lucknow | 09/2004–04/2008 | <3 | H | 412 | 19% | 12 | 1054 |
| (98) | Japan | Sapporo | 07/1984–06/1999 | <14 | H | 445 | 49% | 3 | 39853 |
| (98) | Japan | Tokyo | 07/1984–06/1999 | <14 | H | 1172 | 67% | 3 | 39853 |
| (98) | Japan | Maizuru | 07/1984–06/1999 | <14 | H | 2311 | 50% | 3 | 39853 |
| (98) | Japan | Osaka | 07/1984–06/1999 | <14 | H | 519 | 54% | 2 | 39853 |
| (98) | Japan | Kurume | 07/1984–06/1999 | <14 | H | 1188 | 69% | 3 | 39853 |
| (98) | Japan | Saga | 07/1984–06/1999 | <14 | H | 296 | 76% | 2 | 39853 |
| (99) | Thailand | Bangkok | 04/2001–03/2002 | <5 | H | 85 | 48% | 11 | 4046 |
| (100) | South Korea | Country-wide | 09/2000–08/2007 | All ages | H | 164081 | 12% | 2 | 19422 |
|
| |||||||||
| EUROPE | |||||||||
|
| |||||||||
| (101) | Israel | Netanya, Hadera, Haifa | 11/2007–10/2008 | <5 | H | 412 | 34% | 3 | 28190 |
| (102) | Italy | Padova | 10/2004–09/2005 | <5 | B | 725 | 46% | 3 | 38047 |
| (23) | Ukraine | Kyiv | 01/2007–12/2007 | <5 | H | 947 | 49% | 3 | 3879 |
| (23) | Ukraine | Odessa | 01/2007–12/2007 | <5 | H | 1022 | 41% | 12 | 3879 |
| (103) | Spain | Valladolid | 01/2000–12/2004 | <5 | H | 2233 | 24% | 1 | 35098 |
| (104) | Saudi Arabia | Jeddah, Makkah, Riyadh | 09/2002–08/2003 | <6 | B | 1000 | 6% | 4 | 18718 |
| (105) | Spain | Country-wide | 01/1999–12/2000 | All ages | H | 32541 | 14% | 2 | 35098 |
| (106) | Hungary | Budapest | 01/1993–12/1996 | <14 | H | 6022 | 26% | 12 | 14387 |
| (106) | Hungary | Pecs | 01/1993–12/1996 | <14 | H | 845 | 11% | 2 | 14387 |
| (106) | Hungary | Szeged | 01/1993–10/1996 | <14 | H | 2315 | 12% | 12 | 14387 |
| (27) | Spain | Madrid | 10/1998–10/2002 | <5 | H | 3760 | 31% | 12 | 35098 |
| (26) | France | Dijon | 10/2004–09/2005 | <5 | H | 218 | 33% | 3 | 44972 |
|
| |||||||||
| NORTH & CENTRAL AMERICA | |||||||||
|
| |||||||||
| (107) | USA | Cincinnati | 03/1999–05/2000 | <5 | H | 199 | 37% | 3 | 45836 |
| (107) | USA | Oakland | 03/1999–05/2000 | <6 | H | 83 | 46% | 2 | 45836 |
| (108) | United States | Jacksonville | 12/1991–11/1995 | <1 | B | 194 | 49% | 1 | 45836 |
| (29) | El Salvador | San Salvador | 05/2001–04/2002 | <5 | H | 322 | 21% | 12 | 3499 |
| (25) | United States | Cincinnati and Durham | 02/2005–06/2006 | <5 | B | 1601 | 44% | 3 | 45836 |
| (109) | Latin America--north hemisphere* | El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Venezuela, Guyana | 01/2006–12/2007 | <5 | H | 15071 | 41% | 3 | 4114a |
|
| |||||||||
| OCEANIA | |||||||||
|
| |||||||||
| (110) | New Zealand | Auckland, Christchruch, Wellington | 05/1998–04/2000 | <3 | H | 1138 | 43% | 7 | 30447 |
| (111) | Fiji | Suva | 01/2006–12/2007 | <5 | H | 454 | 39% | 7 | 4018 |
| (112) | Australia | Melbourne | 04/1980–03/1993 | <14 | H | 3503 | 42% | 9 | 46574 |
| (113) | Australia | Sydney | 07/1997–06/1998 | <5 | B | 412 | 14% | 9 | 46574 |
| (114) | New Zealand | Christchurch, Wellington | 05/1998–04/2000 | <3 | H | 1138 | 43% | 8 | 30447 |
|
| |||||||||
| SOUTH AMERICA | |||||||||
|
| |||||||||
| (115) | Chile | Iquique, Santiago | 08/2004–10/2005 | <5 | O | 1313 | 14% | 5 | 9147 |
| (116) | Brazil | Goiania | 08/2005–08/2006 | <5 | B | 98 | 42% | 11 | 8136 |
| (116) | Brazil | Porto Alegre | 08/2005–08/2006 | <5 | B | 56 | 21% | 10 | 8136 |
| (116) | Brazil | Salvador | 08/2005–08/2006 | <5 | B | 147 | 38% | 2 | 8136 |
| (116) | Brazil | Sao Paulo | 08/2005–08/2006 | <5 | B | 209 | 54% | 9 | 8136 |
| (117) | Venezuela | Merida | 06/1993–05/1995 | <5 | H | 377 | 15% | 12 | 11444 |
| (117) | Venezuela | Valencia | 06/1998–05/2000 | <5 | H | 4414 | 25% | 1 | 11444 |
| (117) | Venezuela | Cumana | 06/1993–05/1995 | <5 | H | 376 | 46% | 12 | 11444 |
| (117) | Venezuela | Puerto Ordaz | 06/1993–05/1995 | <5 | H | 336 | 29% | 11 | 11444 |
| (117) | Venezuela | Caracas | 06/1993–05/1995 | <5 | H | 1239 | 31% | 1 | 11444 |
| (118) | Venezuela | Caracas | 01/1988–12/1993 | <3yr | B | 2101 | 26% | 2 | 11444 |
| (119) | Argentina | Tucuman | 10/1996–9/1998 | <3 | H | 435 | 53% | 6 | 8027 |
| (119) | Argentina | Mendoza | 10/1996–9/1998 | <3 | H | 151 | 23% | 6 | 8027 |
| (119) | Argentina | La Plata | 10/1996–9/1998 | <3 | H | 188 | 48% | 4 | 8027 |
| (119) | Argentina | Rosario | 10/1996–9/1998 | <3 | H | 174 | 34% | 6 | 8027 |
| (119) | Argentina | Cordoba | 10/1996–9/1998 | <3 | H | 231 | 32% | 6 | 8027 |
| (120) | Argentina | Buenos Aires | 08/1997–07/1999 | <3 | H | 1133 | 39% | 5 | 8027 |
| (120) | Chile | Santiago | 08/1997–07/1999 | <3 | H | 1739 | 34% | 8 | 9147 |
| (120) | Venezuela | Valencia | 08/1997–07/1999 | <3 | H | 2929 | 29% | 1 | 11444 |
| (121) | Argentina | Buenos Aires | 09/1997–08/1998 | <3 | O | 66 | 26% | 7 | 8027 |
| (122) | Paraguay | Asuncion | 01/1999–03/2000 | <3 | B | 220 | 32% | 8 | 2688 |
| (123) | Brazil | Botucatu | 06/1997–05/1998 | <5 | H | 54 | 41% | 9 | 8136 |
| (124) | Venezuela | Valencia | 01/1998–12/2002 | <5 | O | 9109 | 20% | 1 | 11444 |
| (124) | Venezuela | Valencia | 01/1998–12/2002 | <5 | H | 2879 | 31% | 1 | 11444 |
| (125) | Brazil | Sao Luis | 06/1997–06/1999 | <3 | H | 128 | 32% | 10 | 8136 |
| (126) | Paraguay | Asuncion | 08/1998–12/1999 | <4 | H | 393 | 19% | 7 | 2688 |
| (127) | Brazil | Salvador | 11/2003–11/2004 | <19 | H | 558 | 16% | 1 | 8136 |
| (128) | Argentina | Buenos Aires | 01/1997–06/2003 | <17 | H | 1579 | 27% | 5 | 8027 |
| (129) | Brazil | Juiz de Fora | 01/1998–12/1998 | <5 | B | 656 | 12% | 7 | 8136 |
| (109) | Latin America--south hemisphere* | Bolivia, Paraguay, Chile | 01/2006–12/2007 | <5 | H | 4532 | 36% | 5 | 4450a |
| (130) | Argentina | Buenos Aires | 09/1997–08/1998 | <3 | H | 648 | 36% | 6 | 8027 |
H denotes hospitalization; O denotes outpatient visit; B denotes both; GNI denotes gross national income
a
: individual data not presented for these countries, thus average GNI of the countries was taken.